356 F L F L Calder Marshall and John Bell, chosen by the commissioners to do work in sculpture for the decoration of the Houses of Parliament. Statues of John Hampden and Selden were executed for this purpose, and received liberal praise for the propriety, dignity, and proportion of their treat ment. Commissions of all kinds now began to come rapidly, and without going out of his way to seek it, Foley had from this time until his death work sufficient to occupy not only the whole of his own time, but also that of the numerous assistants and pupils whom he trained. Fanciful works, busts, bas-reliefs, tablets, and monumental statues were in great numbers undertaken and executed by him with that steady equality of worthy treatment which is perhaps the next best thing to the inspiration of great genius. In 1849 he was made an associate and 1858 a member of the Royal Academy; but although until his death his name remained on the list of Royal Academicians, he, after 1861, owing, it is said to some misunderstanding with the hanging committee of that year, ceased not only to exhibit but also to hold any communication with the body of which he was a member. Among his numerous works the following may be noticed, besides those mentioned above : The Mother ; Egeria, for the Mansion House ; The Elder Brother in Comus, his diploma work; The Muse of Painting, the monument of James Ward, R, A. ; Caractacus, for the Mansion House ; Helen Faucit (Mrs Theodore Martin) ; Goldsmith and Burke, for Trinity College, Dublin ; Fara day; Reynolds; Barry, for Westminster Palace Yard; John Stuart Mill, for the Thames embankment ; O Connell aud Gough, for Dublin ; Clyde, for Glasgow ; Clive, for Shrewsbury ; Hardinge, Canning, and Outram, for Cal cutta ; Hon. James Stewart, for Ceylon ; the symbolical group Asia, as well as the statue of the prince himself, for the Albert Memorial in Hyde Park ; and Stonewall Jack son, for South Carolina. The statue of Outram is probably his masterpiece, and certainly displays more imaginative fire than any other of his works, while well exhibiting that perfect sanity of conception as well as that full mastery of the means of his art by which all his works are char acterized. Foley s early fanciful works have some charming qualities ; but he will probably be always best remembered for the workman-like and manly style of his monumental portraits. His life was entirely devoted to his art, and he seems to have addressed himself to it with all the work day docility of a craftsman, and at the same time with strong feelings of duty and responsibility. Of great modesty, and rather reserved in manner, he was open to all that influences a refined nature ; in poetry and music ho was not only a student and admirer, but a composer and performer. He died at Hampsteacl of a pleuritic effusion after a short illness, preceded by a long indisposition, August 27, 1874, and was on the 4th of September buried in St Paul s Cathedral. He left his models to the Royal Dublin Society, his early school, while a great part of his property goes eventually to the Artists Benevolent Fund. FOLIGNO, or FULIGNO (ancient Fulginiuni), a town in the Italian province of Perugia, is situated in a beautiful and fertile valley on the Topino, 20 miles S.E. of Perugia by railway. It is an active and industrious town, its manufactures being chiefly woollen fabrics, silk, paper, wax-candles, and soap. Its principal buildings are the cathedral, the Palazzo del Governo, the Palazzo Comunale, the theatre, and the churches of S. Anna and S. Niccolo, both of which contain some fine paintings. Foligno was the seat of a school of painting, the most distinguished master of which is Niccolo Alunno, to whom a monument was erected there in 1872. Foligno is the Umbrian Fulginium, and afterwards became a Roman municipality. In the Middle Ages it was known as Fulignum, aud for a long time retained its independence, but in 1281 it was destroyed by the Perugians. After it was rebuilt it was ruled by the Trinci family until 1439, when it was united to the States of the Church. In 1832 it was much damaged by an earthquake, and it suffered from the same cause, but less severely, in 1839, 1853, and 1854. The population in 1871 was 8471. FOLKES, MARTIN (1690-1754), an eminent English antiquary, was born at London, October 29, 1690. At the age of seventeen he entered at Clare College, Cambridge, where he distinguished himself so much in mathematics that when only twenty-three years of age he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Society. He was elected one of the council in 1716, and in 1723 Sir Isaac Newton, president of the society, appointed him one of the vice-presidents. On the death of Newton he became a candidate for the presidency, but the higher standing and superior influence of the other candidate, Sir Hans Sloane, carried the election against him. In 1733 he set out on a tour through Italy, in the course of which he found opportunity of consulting the best furnished cabinets of that country, and composed his admirable " Dissertations on the Weights and Values of Ancient Coins," which he read before the Society of Antiquaries. Before the same society he read in 1736 his " Observations on the Trajan and Antonine Pillars at Rome," and also communicated his " Table of English Gold Coins from the 18th year of King Edward III., when gold was first coined in England, to the present time, with their Weights and Intrinsic Values." In 1745 he printed this work along with another on the history of silver coinage. He also contributed both to the Society of Antiquaries and to the Royal Society various other papers, chiefly on Roman antiquities, which were published in their transactions. In 1741 he succeeded Sir Hans Sloane as president of the Royal Society ; in the following year he was made a member of the French Academy ; and in 1746 was honoured with the degree of LL.D. from Cambridge and Oxford. He died in 1754. FOLKESTONE, or FOLKSTONE, a municipal borough, seaport, and market-town of England, county of Kent, is situated on the London and South-Eastern Railway, 7 miles W.S.W. of Dover. It is very irregularly built, part of it lying in a hollow between the chalk and greensand hills, and other portions on the hills. Folkestone is much frequented in summer for sea-bathing, and steam packets ply daily between the town and Boulogne. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in the fisheries, and there is also a considerable shipping trade. The pier-harbour is 19 acres in extent, and admits vessels of 150 tons burden. In 1861 a low-water landing-pier was erected, which enables passengers to land from the steamers at all states of the tide. The coast is defended by three martello towers, and a battery situated on the heights protects the town. During 1877 the number of vessels that entered the port was 885, with a tonnage of 154,897, and 854 cleared, with a tonnage of 153,208. Of these the mimber engaged in trade with foreign countries was entered 46, with a tonnage of 9333 ; cleared 148, with a tonnage of 22,452. Among the public buildings may be mentioned the free grammar- school, the harbour-house, the town-hall and market-house, and the parish church, a cruciform structure in the early Gothic style, with a tower rising from the intersection. It has recently been enlarged and restored. The original church of St Eanswitha was built in 1095, and attached to it was a monastery for Benedictine monks, but the devastations of the sea compelled the removal of both to the cliff on which the church now stands. The monastery was destroyed at the dissolution of religious houses in 1535. At a very early period Folkestone was a place of some importance, and Roman remains have been
