508 F K A N C E [POPULATION. II. Population. The population of France, which in 1801 was 27,349,003, was 36,905,788 in 1876, of whom 11,405,000 were living in towns. The following table shows the extent of each department and the population in 1861 and 1876. 1 Surface in Square Miles. Population in 1861. Population in 1876. Ain 2,239 2,839 2,822 2,685 2,158 1,512 2,134 2,020 1,890 2,317 2,438 3,376 235 1,971 2,132 2,217 2,294 2,636 2,779 2,205 3,377 3,383 2,052 2,150 3,545 2,019 2,518 2.300 2,208 2,595 2,253 2,429 2,425 3,701 2,393 2,597 2,624 2 360 369,767 564,597 356,432 146,368 125,100 194,578 388,529 329,111 251.850 262,785 283,606 o06,025 507, il2 480,992 240,523 379,081 481,060 323,393 310,118 252,889 384,140 028,676 270,055 501,687 296,280 326,684 398,661 290,455 627,304 422.107 484,081 298,931 607,193 409,391 584,930 270,054 323,572 577,748 298,053 300,839 269,029 517,603 305,521 580,207 352,757 295,542 332,065 137,367 520,012 591,421 385,498 254,413 375,163 428,643 305,540 486,504 446,457 332,814 1,303,380 401,417 423,350 724,338 576,409 436,628 240,179 181,763 577,574 515,802 662,493 317,183 582,137 466,155 275,039 267,496 1,953,660 789,988 352,312 513,073 328,817 572,646 353,633 232,551 315,526 268,255 395,695 322.028 319,595 415,485 370,305 365,462 560.427 405.783 136,106 119,094 203,604 384,378 326,782 244,795 255,217 300,005 413,826 08,600 556.379 450,220 231,086 373,950 465,628 345,013 311.535 262,701 377,063 630,957 278,423 489,848 300,094 321,756 373,029 283,075 666,106 423,804 477,730 283,546 735 242 445,0)8 602,702 281,248 324,875 581,099 288,823 303,508 272,034 590,603 81-, 721 612,972 360,903 270,512 310,920 138,319 517,258 539,910 407,780 252,448 351,933 404,009 294,054 506,573 346,822 1,519,585 401,618 392,52(5 793,140 570,207 431,525 238,037 197,940 705,131 304,052 614,309 446,239 268,361 273,801 2,410,849 798.414 347,323 561,990 336,655 556,641 359,232 221,304 295,763 255,703 411,781 330,916 336,001 407,082 359.070 Allier Alpes (Basses-) Alj)cs (Hautes-) Alpes-Maritimes Ardennes Ariege Aiulc Aveyron Uclfort (territory of) . Bouches-du-Hhonc Calvados Canta! Charente Charente-Interieure Cher Correze Corse Cote-d Or C6tes-du-Nord Creuse Doubs Drome Euro Kure-et-Loir Finistere Gard Garonne (Haute-) Gers Girondo Hdrault llle-et-Vilaine Indre Indre-et- Loire Isere 3,201 1,928 3,597 2,452 1,838 Jura Landes Loir-et-Cher Loire Luire (Haute-) 1,916 2,654 2,614 2,012 2,007 1 996 Loire-Inf e ricurc Loiret Lo* Lot-ct-Garonnc Lo/.ere Mainc-et-Loire 2,750 2,289 3,159 2,402 1,996 M. inclie Marne Marne (Haute-) Mayenne Meurthe [2,352] 2,020 2,405 2,625 [2,073] 2,632 2,193 2,250 2,354 2,550 Meurthe-ct-Moselle Mouse Morbihan Moselle Nievre Nord Oise Orne Pas-de-Calais Puv-de-l)6me 3,070 2,945 1,750 1,592 [1,758] [1,586] 1,077 2,062 3 302 Pyrenees (Basses-) Pyrdndes (Hautes-) Pyrendes-Orientales . ... llhin (Has-) Jlhin (Ilaut-) Rhone Saone (Haute-) Sn6uc-et-Loire Sarthc 2,397 2,224 1,666 184 2 330 Savoie Savoie (Haute-) Seine Su ine-et-Marnc Seinc-et-Oiso 2,215 2,164 2,317 2,379 2,317 1,436 2,327 1,670 2,588 2,691 2,130 2,259 2,868 Sevres (Deux-) Tarn Tarn-et-Garonne Var Vaucluse Vendde Viennc Vienne (Haute-) Vosges Yoiinc Total 204,147 37,472,732 36,905,788 1 After the cession of territory to Germany in 1871, a single de partment (Meurthe-et-Moselle) takes the place of two (Meurtho and Moselle), the Bas-Rhin disappears, and of the ilaut-Rhin there re mains only the territory of Belfort. The annual increase of population in France between 1801 and 1876 has been very small. Allowing for the alterations in extent of territory which took place in 1860 and in 1871, it amounts to about 43 per cent.; so that while in England the population during the same period has been doubling in about 53 years, it would require 1G1 years to bring about a similar result in France. The census of 1876 returned 18,373,639 males and 18,532,149 females, of whom 9,805,761 males and 8,944,386 females were single. In 1874 there were 954,652 births, 981,709 deaths, and 303,113 marriages; of the births 69,294 were illegitimate, and 44,613 were children still born. Population is not so dense in France as in the United Kingdom, the proportions being about 181 and 270 inhabitants respectively to the square mile. The following table of the population arranged accord ing to employments (exclusive of children and servants) is taken from the census of 1872 : Men. Women. Total Number. Agriculture 4 664 855 1 305 316 5 970 171 Manufactures 2 673,997 1 308 873 3 98 7 870 Commerce 1 181 514 308 754 1 490 268 Liberal professions 832,692 161 740 994 432 Persons living on their in- ) come 545,050 425,534 980,584 Without profession, or pro- ) fession unknown 980,939 The first of the following tables shows the population for 1832, 1851, and 1876 of the towns in France that had upwards of 50,000 inhabitants in the last-mentioned year : Paris Lyons (Fr. Lyon) Marseilles (/>. Marseille) Bordeaux Lille Toulouse St Etienne Nantes Rouen Havrc-dc-Grficc Klieims (/ ;. Reims) Koubuix Brest Nancy Amiens Toulon Nimcs Angers Limoges Hcnnes Montpellier Towns with from 20,000 to Oildans 49,896 Versailles 49,552 Tours 48,325 Nice 46,683 Le Mans 45,709 Dijon 45,007 Grenoble 43,054 Bcsanson 42,808 Troyes 41,275 Boulogne (Pas dc Calais)... 40.075 St Qucntin 37,980 Clermont-Ferrand 37,074 Briers 30.928 Cherbourg 30,338 Dunkirk (Fr. Dunkciquc) 35.012 Avignon 33,189 Caen 33,072 Tourcoing 33,013 Poitiers 31,092 Bouvgcs 31,102 Lorient 31,000 Sc Denis 29.500 Angouleme - 28.625 Cctte 28,152 Pan 27,553 Arras 20,764 50,000 Inhabitants in 1876. Rochefort 25,454 Laval 25,110 Perpignan 24,379 Carcassonne 2.",517 Aix 23,407 Douai 23,348 Pe rigtieux 23,21)0 Viennc 22,950 Levallois- Ferret 22,733 Valenciennes 22,686 St Pierre-les-Calais 22,349 Bayonne 22.307 Elbenf 21,935 MonHucon 21,904 Boulogne (Seine) 21,556 Roannc 21,472 St Omer 21,404 Monlins 21,122 Neuilly 20,781 Nevers 20,601 Clialon-sur-Saone 20,571 Armentieres 20,505 Castrcs 20,520 Valence 20,476 Niort 20,336 Clialons-sur-Mainc 20,215 III. Government and Administration. The governments and constitutions which have ruled The France since 1789 have been niany, and have presented Go *f" wide differences. We have not, however, to consider here those frequent changes, which belong to history; we have
