1920 BARONY AND THANAGE 183 contrary, every barony was held by cornage,^ a tenure peculiar to those counties, until Henry II and his sons changed the tenure of three of them to knight-service ^ and that of two others to frankalmoign.^ All the other baronies * continued to be held by rendering, in addition to the cornage paid annually to the ex- chequer at Carlisle from which their tenure was named, ' end- mot ',^ suit of court to the county, homage and fealty ; ^ their lords were liable to wardship and marriage,' but not to the feudal ^ids,® and instead of a relief they paid one year's value of their barony.^ Some of these services were common to the whole country and call for little comment. Castle-ward, for instance, was a well- known form of knight -service rooted in the old English burghal service, which gave the tenant the alternative of doing forty days' garrison duty at his lord's castle or going in the army across the border for the same time, in either case at his own cost. ' Suit of court ', again, was just the old English obligation that lay on all freeholders to attend shire and hundred court, and was a ' forinsec ' service for tenants-in-chief, who did their suit to the county court, but ' terrene ' for mesne tenants, who did theirs to their lord's court.^" ' Fine of court ', sometimes called ' fine of the county ',^^ which accompanied ' suit of court ' as a ' forinsec ' service due from all who owed suit to county or barony court ' Ibid. ii. 695-9. Coupland is here said to have been held from its first erection as a barony by the service of one knight ; but in 1223 the earl of Albemarle asserted that the king ought not to have the ward of the daughters and coheiresses of Richard de Lucy of Coupland because it was held by comage (Bain, i, no. 864). So it is probable that the knight's fee for which it was entered in the Testa was really for MiUom, which was held of the lord of Coupland as a knight's fee. ^ Gilsland (two knights), Kendal (three knights), and Westmorland, i. e. Appleby (one knight). Afterwards Robert de Vipont, lord of Appleby, received a grant of the shrievalty of the county of Westmorland together with Brougham Castle for the service of three knights, raising his total to four knights. ' Linstock and Dalston, when acquired by the bishop of Carlisle (Plac. de Quo Warr. p. 124 ; Bain, ii, no. 146).
- Allerdale, Wigton, Greystoke, Liddel, Burgh, Houghton, Melmorby, Levington,
Camelsby, and Glassanby (ibid.). For Coupland see note 1, above. Wigton, it should be noted, was not held in chief but of the lord of Allerdale (Bain, i, no. 2129).
- See below, p. 187. « Bain, i, nos. 2556, 2665 ; ii, no. 1402.
' c. 1275 the barons of the exchequer reported : ' Of all your tenants-in-chief by comage in Cumberland and Westmorland, wardship and marriage are due to you * {CcU. Geneal. i. 501). * Feudal Aids, i. 244-5. » In 18 Edward I, Idonea, lady of Westmorland, said that there were in the county of Westmorland two tenures, one by white rent (because paid in silver) and another by comage ; and that the tenants by white rent, after the death of their ancestors, ought to pay double their rent only, and the tenants by comage should pay the value of their lands for one year (Nicolson and Bum, History of Westmorland and Cumberlandy i. 17). Cf. Blackstone, Commentaries, ii. 74.
- " The lords of Wooler in Northumberland and of Liddel in Cumberland owed suit
to their respective counties (Northumberland Assize Rolls, p. 327 ; Bain, ii, no. 1542), but their tenants owed theirs to their lord's barony court (Bain, i, no. 1967 ; ii, no. 208). Cf. below, p. 185, note 9. " Bain, i, no. 1967.
