114 REVIEWS OF BOOKS January • occasional mention of a professor's name or an action in which a professor or scholar was engaged. There are some licences to export books, interesting as giving the titles of the books in the private library of a student. The acts of the legate, Cardinal Lodovico Fieschi, contain information as to the salaries paid to various doctors in 1412 and 1413. It is interesting to notice that at this time the studium had been so 4 totally destitute of famous doctors who were citizens of Bolognese origin, and collapsed ', that the students were threatening to leave for better staffed universities. Such were the consequences of the attempt at establishing a largely hereditary professoriate by the restriction of the principal chairs to Bolognese citizens and the limitation of the number of Bolognese who might be promoted. The documents printed from the registers (Vatican and Avignon) of Pope Gregory XI are more directly connected with university history. Many of them relate to the Collegium Gregorianum founded at Bologna by that pope in 1371. Privileges were naturally showered upon the papal foundation with a lavish hand — licences to hold benefices in absence (which throws light upon the question as to the meaning of ' poverty ' when applied to members of college foundations), to choose their own confessor or to be ordained by any catholic bishop, exemptions from degree fees, a faculty to absolve each other for ' light injections of hands ' upon a clerk not amounting to ' effusion of blood ' (all assaults on clerks were of course cases reserved to the apostolical see), and so on. The statutes of 1377 are printed in extensor An interesting feature is the provision of two masses, one before the morning lecture ' sine cantu ', the other (a sung mass) afterwards ; attendance at one or the other is compulsory (p. 295). Scholars are to confess three times a year and to communicate at least twice. The whole organization of the college is, as was usual in Italian colleges, an imitation of the highly democratic constitution of the uni-* versities. The rectorship is an annual office ; and, although this was a college containing 30 scholars, 6 chaplains, and 15 servitors, the rector need not be more than 24 years of age. Gregory XI was a native of Limoges, and the scholars were to be partly Italians from the states of the church and partly from the Limoges country ; it is interesting to notice that the treasurer had always to be a Frenchman : did the Gallican pontiff think Italians ' mere babes in finance ' or was it their moral qualities that he distrusted ? The rector might put servitors in the stocks (cum ligneis compedibus). Scholars here had separate rooms at about the time when in England, at New College for instance, such a Luxury was reserved for doctors of divinity. These are the only college statutes I have seen in which an infirmary forms part of the building, medical attendance is provided for, and if a scholar died in college (but not otherwise) he is to be buried at the expense of the college. It is noticeable how completely the chaplains or priests are regarded as on a level with the college servants. If a scholar assaults a priest or servant, he is to suffer one day's bread and water ; for a second offence, two days ; only on the third is he expelled. But if a priest or servant assault a scholar, he is expelled forthwith. Musical instruments are allowed, pro- vided they are used ' modefately '. There is a list of offences for which
