1921 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 463 authority, and politically allots to the pope little more than the presidency of his proposed princely arbitration commission. At the other end of this period or interval, towards the middle of the fifteenth century, we find similar ideas of a European federation, from which, however, the pope is, with the emperor, altogether excluded, in the project of a European federa- tion, characteristically suggested by a countryman of Dubois, macaronically known as Antonius Marini, to George Podiebrad (the heretical king of Bohemia). Meanwhile,humanismwas extending its pacifist influence among peoples as well as princes, while it passed out of its purely Italian phase, and entered into intimate relations with the Reformation. Neither in the Roman church, however, nor in those of which Calvin and Luther were the founders, was there (though we must not forget certain passages of Luther's writings which remind us that Erasmus and he were not always strangers) any harbour for pacific tendencies. The cherishing of such was left, as it had been left in the days of Waldenses and Lollards, to the sects whose beliefs were permeated by them, from the Doopsgezinden (Mennonites) to the Friends, whom we still have among us. It is hardly too much to say that the resumption of a vital connexion between pacifist and internationalist ideas is largely due to the effects of the religious wars of the sixteenth, and more especially of the great war of the seventeenth, century. In Hugo Grotius, by whom his predecessor Alberico Gentili's fame was eclipsed and the science of international law actually founded, theological and religious, humanist and historical influences converged and combined, so as to enable him and his great work to begin the new era in the development of the ideas in question. All these groups of thought and feeling — with others, to which we would gladly have at least alluded, of more specially literary provenance — are surveyed in the present instalment of M. Lange's work. Exceptional attention is justly given to the relations between the ideas of Emeric Cruce, the author of the Nouveau Cyme (1623), a projector less elaborate than Sully, and in spirit akin to Comenius. There is no evidence of any personal or literary contact between Cruce and Grotius ; but the former, too, has his place on the luminous threshold reached by this deeply interesting volume, before the curtain drops across the portal, recalling the last struggle against the advent of the new order. A. W. Ward. Collectanea Hispanica. Par Charles Upson Clark, Ancien Directeur de l'^cole des Etudes Classiques de l'Academie Americaine de Rome. (Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. xxiv. 1920.) The present work is a welcome addition to palaeographical literature. It is an important essay in regional palaeography, and fills a lack that has been felt for years. It is almost forty years ago that Ewald and Loewe published their collection of specimens of Visigothic handwriting. 1 This constituted at once and has been ever since the most important aid for dating Visigothic 'manuscripts ; for none of the older works on Spanish palaeography were sufficiently accurate or representative in their repro- 1 Exempla Scripturae Visigoticae, Heidelberg, 1883.
