1921 SHORT NOTICES 475 by adding to it twenty-two communes previously under Savoy or France, it left open the question whether the inhabitants of these communes (mainly Catholic) were to remain under the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Chambery. The government of Geneva naturally wished to put its new Savoyard subjects out of reach of interference from Turin ; the government of Turin naturally wished to retain a useful power of inter- ference in districts which it had been reluctant to lose. The court of Turin was at this time in the odour of sanctity with the papacy ; the small republic of Geneva found natural allies in Prussia and Austria, and friends in Russia and, for a time, Great Britain. Hence there resulted a four-years' controversy into which were drawn, directly, Niebuhr and Consalvi, and, indirectly, Talleyrand, Metternich, Capo d'Istria, and Stratford Canning. In the correspondence, therefore, it is possible to see the diplomatic methods of several European courts, and the difficulties of a papal secretary of state, surcharge de besogne, and to realize the complexity of the affairs of small nations ; while the clever fencing in French, German, Italian, and Latin, the interest of the widening dispute, and the happy ending (the last piece is the bill sent in for the writing, copying, and sending of the papal brief Inter Multiplices), give the book a pleasing spice. M. Karmin's annotation and arrangement of the documents are beyond praise ; he has given an admirable little summary of the causes and course of the affair, and a list of secondary authorities. Perhaps one might add, for readers unacquainted with the details of Swiss history, E. Pictet, C. Pictet de Rochemont (Geneva, 1892). It is to be hoped that M. Karmin will publish the results of further researches of this kind. E. L. W. In Part II of his Historical Geography of India (Clarendon Press : 1920) Mr. P. E. Roberts has set himself the hard task of summarizing in two hundred pages the crowded history of the sixty years which have elapsed since the Crown undertook the direct administration of that country. Beginning with the appointment of Lord Canning to be the first viceroy, the author has carefully traced the course of events down to October 1919, ending with the Montagu-Chelmsford Report and the presentation to parliament of a new Government of India Bill. Mr. Roberts has handled his materials skilfully, and though he has had perforce to deal with many highly controversial questions, his temperate judgements will commend themselves to most readers. We may pay to the volume what is really a high compliment in saying that this second instalment is equal in merit to the first. W. F. General Mangin has written a succinct account of the war on the western front in Comment finit la Guerre (Paris : Plon-Nourrit, 1920). It is well to read so distinguished an authority's just appreciations of unity of command, supremacy at sea, the danger of civilian meddling with staff-work, the vital necessity of preserving good feeling among the allies. The really distinctive note, however, of his book is far more controversial. G. B. H. Professor Michel Hruchevsky has been professor of the history of the Ukraine for the last twenty years at the university of Lemberg, and is
