116. Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3 (HSPD-3), March 12, 2002, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/hspd-3.htm, as amended by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 (HSPD-5), February 28, 2003, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/hspd-5.html and http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/display?content=4331 (sites accessed May 22, 2006).
117. Remarks by Governor Ridge at Announcement of Homeland Security Advisory System, March 12, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020312-11.html (site accessed May 22, 2006).
118. Homeland Security Act of 2002, Pub. L . 107 –296, Title II, Subtitle A, §201(d)(7), 116 Stat. 2135, 2146 (codified at 6 U.S.C. §§101 et seq. (Supp. III 2003)).
119. Homeland Security Presidential Directive 3 (HSPD-3), March 12, 2002.
120. Pub. L . 107 –296, Title II, Subtitle A, Section 201(d)(7).
121. Alerts are summarized at http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/editorial/editorial_0844.xml.
122. Congressional Research Service, 2003, pp. 1–4.
123. General Accounting Office, 2004, p. 13.
124. Advisory Panel to Assess Domestic Response Capabilities for Terrorism Involving Weapons of Mass Destruction, 2003.
125. Congressional Research Service, 2003, pp. 4–5.
126. General Accounting Office, 2004, pp. 4–5 and 12–14.
127. General Accounting Office, 2004, p. 18.
128. General Accounting Office, 2004, p. 18.
129. Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, 2003.
130. General Accounting Office, 2004, p. 13.
131. Attorney General Ashcroft, Director Ridge Discuss Threat Level, September 10, 2002 (White House transcript).
132. Philip Shenon,”Threats and Responses: Domestic Security,” New York Times, June 6, 2003, p. A15.
133. “Analysis: Congressional Hearings on Terror Alert System,” Morning Edition (National Public Radio), broadcast February 5, 2004.
134. Philip Shenon, “Report Finds Threat Alerts in Color Code Baffle Public,” New York Times, August 10, 2003, p. A18.
135. Council for Excellence in Government, from the Home Front to the Front Lines: America Speaks Out about Homeland Security (a Hart-Teeter poll, March 2004).
136. Fox News polls, July 2002 and February 2003.
137. Philip Zimbardo, “Phantom Menace,” Psychology Today, June 2003, pp. 34–36.
138. One legislative reaction was passage of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which set out sweeping amendments to the National Labor Relations Act. Among other features, the law described a new set of unfair labor practices for unions, including prohibitions against secondary boycotts and other forms of concerted activities by unions, as wel l as new employer rights to counter union organizing activities. Gross, 1981.
139. Newspapers and radio covered the hearings closely and a number of rising political figures of the day – including John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy – made
