202. The U.S . Bureau of Labor Statistics estimated that for the eighteen-week period between September 11, 2001, and mid-January 2002, there were 430 “extended mass layoffs” directly or indirectly related to the attacks, involving more than 125,000 workers. See Levine, 2004.
203. In February 2004, the Jobs for America Act (S. 2090) was introduced to amend WARN by including offshoring in its definition of major employment events, as well as requiring collection of statistics on job loss arising from offshoring. Levine, 2004, p. CRS-2.
204. Performance-based accountability was initiated at the state level and was launched in the mid-1980s by the National Governors Association, headed by Bill Clinton, then governor of Arkansas. Many of the early systems were intended to provide schools with more flexibility in setting educational policies in exchange for accountability for resulting performance.
205. A detailed description of A Nation at Risk is offered in Kearns and Harvey, 2000. pp. 22–28.
206. Gormley and Weimer, 1999, p. 43.
207. Gorman, 2002, p. 40.
208. See Improving America’s School’s Act of 1994, Pub. L . 103 –382, October 20, 1994, 108 Stat. 3518 (codified as amended at 20 U.S.C. §§6301 et seq. (2000)). This law reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Pub. L . 89–10, April 11, 1965, 79 Stat. 27 (codified as amended at 20 U.S.C. §§6301 et seq. (Supp. III 2003)). The 2001 No Child Left Behind Act requires the education agencies receiving funds under §1116 of Pub. L . 107–110 to “publicize and disseminate the results of the local annual review…to parents, teachers, principals, schools, and the community so that the teachers, principals, other staff, and schools can continually refine, in an instructionally useful manner, the prog ram of instruction to help all children served under this part meet the challenging State student academic achievement standards established under section 1111(b)(1).” No Child Left Behind Act, Pub. L. 107–110, §1116(a)(1)(C). This section can be found in the United States Code at 20 U.S.C. §6316(a)(1)(C).
209. Lynn Olson, “Report Cards for Schools” Education Week, Vol. 18, No. 17, January 11, 1999.
210. Accountability for Public Schools: Developing School Report Cards, Findings of Group Research for Education Week, December 1998. Belden Russonello & Stewart, R/S/M, A-Plus Communications.
211. Public Agenda, 2000.
212. No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L . 107 –110, January 8, 2002, 115 Stat. 1421 (codified as amended at 20 U.S.C . §§6052 et seq., §§1041 et seq., §3427 (Supp. III 2003)). School report card requirements are contained in Title I, Part A, §1111.
213. Erin Fox, “Report Cards Provide More, or Less, Data,” Education Week, Vol. 24, No. 15, December 8, 2004; Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, 2002.
214. Fox, “Report Cards Provide More , or Less, Data.”
215. Fox, “Report Cards Provide More , or Less, Data.”
216. Hanushek and Raymond, 2004.
