BAH
185
tnanagement, so long as he held
all the tangible and certain sources of profit. right to engage, or perhaps, to speak more correctly, in many instances, the duty of engaging, might or might not pass with the transfer of proprietary right. It was in the power of the revenue authorities to allow the proprietor to engage or not and though in the majority of cases it was manifestly more convenient that he should do so, still very often a farmer was appointed and the proprietor restricted to the enjoyment of his actual
The
which, as
rights,
value
when
There „. ,
we have
seen,
were of a very limited, though definite, were consequently low.
sales took place the prices obtained
nothiug in this subordinate tenure to distinguish it from the right or the privilege known by the same name in other °^^ *^ districts. It consisted originally in the drawback alin other^dLtriote lowed to the zamindar by the revenue authorities from the demand made on the estate, and constituted the main portion of the Its amount varied with the extent to ostensible profits of the property. which the landlord could manage to ingratiate himself with the nazim of the day, or with the influence which he could bring to bear in still higher quarters. In the case of taluqdars, it took the form usually of revenuefree land, villages from one to ten in number being held thus free of all demand by most of the principal landowners. With petty zamindars the allowance was generally made in cash, and it may be doubted whether in many cases the demand was not often fixed with reference to the amount that would have to be remitted in nankar. The only check upon such double-dealing would be the obligation under which the revenue collector would be of allowing the zamindar his nankar in hard cash or land in lieu, if engagement on his terms was decUned. .
is ,
A few of the minor subordinate rights can here Dehi ndnkdr
is
only be indicated.
an allowance in money from the taluqdar to the under-
proprietor.
Ndnkdr tankhwdhi was an other
officials
allowance
made
to qantingos, chaudhris,
and
from, each village.
Chhorwa was an allowance made as of grace to lessees. Chahdrum and daswant mean, the former one-fourth, the latter onetenth they were originally probably grants made to the man who cut down the forest and settled the cultivators. In other cases they were
granted to old proprietors or influential residents of the village to keep They came to be other forms of nankar, and loyal. as such were often encroached upon and sometimes forfeited by the land-
them contented and lord.
This gain differed in scarcely any point from the tenure as known in It may be said to have consistother parts of Oudh. Its nature, exSfr. ^^ ^^ ^-j^^ j^^j^^j ^^ ^j^g immediate occupation of the " original proprietors at the time that the village was incorporated in the ilaqa. No land subsequently taken up by their ploughs would be considered sir except by the express permission of the lord, and on such extra fields the under-proprietor would pay full rates, or, as was the more general rule, rent in kind. The sir thus defined, might be cultivated
^
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