it was independent, but generally disposed to rank itself among the allies of Sparta.
The two states which in the seventh century had attained considerable commercial importance, though never great political power, were the island of Ægina, and Chalcis in Euboea. But on the mainland Thebes and Athens were beginning to overshadow the rest. Of the more northern districts, Phocis was chiefly important as containing Delphi, and Thessaly was a loose confederacy of towns in which usually some great family held the supremacy. For certain purposes they were supposed to act together under a federal general, or tagus, but it seldom happened that such a combination proved possible. Constant border warfare with the Phocians tended to induce both to insignificance. In Boeotia, Thebes had by this time supplanted Orchomenus in the supremacy among the twelve cities which made up the Boeotian confederation. But this supremacy was not always or unanimously acknowledged, Plataea especially being always inclined to join the Athenian alliance. For certain purposes there were federal officers called Boeotarchs, who were supposed to preside over federal councils and to direct combined expeditions. But the federation was loose, and the Boeotians were much weakened by internal feuds, and never exercised much influence except for that short time during which the Theban supremacy was decisive.
The most important and interesting history of all the Greek states is that of Athens. Attica had certain advantages that saved it from much of the
