RASHI′DU-D DI′N, FROM AL BI′RU′NI′.
and their language[1] is Turkí. The inhabitants of Kashmír suffer greatly from their encroachments and depredations. The mountains here mentioned are those described in the translation of Abú Ríhán and they are as manifest as a tortoise displaying (itself) from the midst of the waters.
[2]There are rivers and large streams which have their sources in and issue from the mountains surrounding the kingdom of Kápish[3] or Kábul. One, called the Gharwarand,[4] mixes with the stream from the mountain of Ghúrak, and passes through the country of Barwán.[5] The waters of the Sharúhat and the Shála pass by Lamankán,[6] which is Lamghán, and uniting near the fort of Dirúna,[7] fall into the Núrokírát. The aggregate of these waters forms a large river opposite the city of Parsháwar,[8] which is called “al ma’bar,” or “the ferry.” This town is situated on the eastern side of these rivers.[9] All these rivers fall into the Sind near to the fort of
- ↑ [The MS. C. adds, “of the majority.”]
- ↑ [Al Birúní's original text of the following passage is given by M. Reinaud, with a translation, in the Mem. sur l’Inde, p. 276.]
- ↑ [See St. Martin, quoted in Jour. R.A.S., xvii. 186.]
- ↑ [So in MS. A. C. has
. Reinaud has “Ghorband,” and that river must be the one intended.]
- ↑ [
in A. 
in B. 
in C. Reinaud has “Bervánah.” The modern Parwán or Ferwán. See Journ. R.A.S., ix. 297, and xvii. 186.]
- ↑ [
in A. 
in C. “Lampaga” in Reinaud. Lamghán “in the hills of Ghazní” (Abú-l fidá). The “Lughman” of the Maps.—Mem. sur l'Inde, 353.]
- ↑ [Reinaud (p. 114) suggests “Udyanapúr” or “Adínapúr,” near Jelálabád, mentioned by Fa-hian, and in the Ayín Akbarí. See his note; also Foe-koue-ki, p. 46; Masson, i. 181, 182; Journ. As. Soc. Beng., June, 1848, p. 482.]
- ↑ As some interesting speculations depend upon the mode of spelling the name of this town, it may be as well to remark that all ancient authorities, even down to the historians of the sixteenth century, concur in spelling it Parsháwar. In the Zubdatu-t Tawáríkh it is called “Fushúr.” The Chinese divide the first syllable, and make Poo-loo-sha, the capital of the kingdom of Purusha. See the Foe-koue-ki, as well as the translation of Ma-twan-lin, by M. Rémusat.—Nouv: Mélanges Asiat: Tom. I. p. 196. Mem. sur l'Inde, 106.
- ↑ [The following is the text of this passage:—
MS. A. says,
C. says,
]
