ARCHITECTURE. 279 edifice certainly not older than the Seleucidae, 1 perhaps even later (Fig. 154). Of the temple of Artemis Gygaea, or Colonae, only three Doric columns are left, along with remains of a frieze on which appears a lion's head, and an archer with a pointed cap. Details are want- ing ; but the very fact that forms belonging to one of the canonic orders have been employed suffices to show that here also we have a building Hellenic in character. 2 Examinations made at this point might yield interesting results ; for the temple in the day of Strabo was one of the most honoured in Asia, and we know that the veneration which attaches to sacred places is in direct propor- tion to the antiquity ascribed thereto. 3 Marble was used in rebuilding these temples, but we have proofs that bricks, in the reigns of the Lydian kings, were likewise employed in edifices of great size. Under the action of air and water, formations such as gneiss, the main constituent of the Tmolus mass, crumble away and furnish an excellent clay. The fact that Lydia in old days gave her name to a special type of bricks suggests the notion that they were manufactured on a large scale for exportation. Thus in Italy clay units one foot and a half by one in width were called " Lydian bricks." * Nor have bricks ever gone out of fashion in Lydia ; their usage is universal at the present day for house covering. The excellent quality of the native clay led Lydian builders to apply it to ornamental purposes, in the same way as the Chaldsean masons had done before them ; but it never entered into the scheme of the Greek architect. A German traveller 5 mentions having seen, on the right bank of the Pactoclus at Sardes, colossal drums in terra-cotta lying on the ground amidst accumulated rubbish. In the days of Augustus there was here an old brick building called the Palace of Croesus, 1 CURTIUS, Beitrage, pp. 87, 88, Adler. STARK (Nach dem griechischen Orient, p. 394) shows very forcibly that it by no means follows that the two Ionic columns represent the temple of Cybele, a temple which, according to Herodotus, disappeared in the general conflagration of Sardes. We have no information as to the site of this temple, and a city of the importance and magnitude of Sardes must have had other sanctuaries, notably in the Graeco-Roman period. a The only data we possess in regard to these ruins were borrowed by E. Curtius from the notes of Spiegelthal (Artemis Gygaia, und die Lydischen Fuersfengraeber, Arcfue. Zeitung, 1853, pp. 148-161, more particularly p. 152). 8 Strabo, XIII. iv. 5. 4 PLINY, Hist. Natur., xxxv. 49. 8 GREGOROVIUS, Kleine Schriften, torn. i. p. 15.
