the revolution which abolished the privileges of the aristocracy was promoted by Aristides and completed by
Pericles, men free from the reproach of flattering the
multitude. They associated all the free Athenians with
the interest of the State, and called them, without distinction of class, to administer the powers that belonged to them. Solon had threatened with the loss of citizenship all who showed themselves indifferent in party conflicts, and Pericles declared that every man who neglected his share of public duty was a useless member of the community. That wealth might confer no unfair advantage, that the poor might not take bribes from the rich, he took them into the pay of the State during their
attendance as jurors. That their numbers might give
them no unjust superiority, he restricted the right of
citizenship to those who came from Athenian parents
on both sides; and thus he expelled more than 4000
men of mixed descent from the Assembly. This bold
measure, which was made acceptable by a distribution of
grain from Egypt among those who proved their full
Athenian parentage, reduced the fourth class to an
equality with the owners of real property. For Pericles,
or Ephialtes-for it would appear that all their reforms
had been carried in the year 460, when Ephialtes died-
is the first democratic statesman who grasped the notion
of political equality. The measures which made all
citizens equal might have created a new inequality
between classes, and the artificial privilege of land might have been succeeded by the more crushing preponderance of numbers. But Pericles held it to be intolerable that one portion of the people should be required to obey laws which others have the exclusive right of making; and he was able, during thirty years, to preserve the equipoise, governing by the general consent of the community, formed by free debate. He made the undivided people sovereign; but he subjected the popular initiative to a court of revision, and assigned a penalty to the proposer of any measure which should be found to be unconstitutional. Athens, under Pericles, was the most successful
Page:History of Freedom.djvu/112
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68
ESSAYS ON LIBERTY