180 THE SUNGA, KANVA, AND ANDHRA DYNASTIES the interior of India. He annexed the Indus delta, the peninsula of Surashtra (Kathiawar), and some other territories on the western coast, occupied Mathura on the Jumna, besieged Madhyamika (now Nagari near Chitor) in Rajputana, invested Saketam in southern Oudh, and threatened Pataliputra, the capital. About the same time, or a little earlier, Kharavela, King of Kalinga on the coast of the Bay of Bengal, invaded Magadha. He claims to have won some suc- cesses, and to have humbled his adversary, but what- ever advantage he gained would seem to have been temporary or to have affected only the eastern frontier of the Magadhan kingdom. The more formidable invasion of Menander was certainly repelled after a severe struggle, and the Greek king was obliged to retire to his own country, but prob- ably retained his conquests in Western India for a few years longer. Thus ended the last attempt by a European general to conquer India by land. All subsequent invaders from the western continent have come in ships, trusting to their command of the sea, and using it as their base. From the repulse of Menander in 153 B. c. until the bombardment of Calicut by Vasco da Grama in 1502 A. D., India enjoyed immunity from European attack. During the progress of these wars the outlying southern provinces extending to the Narmada River were administered by the crown prince, Agnimitra, as viceroy, who had his capital at Vidisa, the modern
