64 GHAZNI AND GHOR recovered Ghazni from the mob of Ghuzz in 1173-4, and established his brother Mu'izz-ad-din on the ruined throne of Mahmud. The two brothers exercised a joint sovereignty, but while the elder maintained his hered- itary chief dom in his forefathers' castle of the " Hill of Victory/' Mu'izz-ad-din, commonly known as Mo- hammad Ghori, led a series of campaigns in India which re- called the glorious days of the Idol-breaker nearly two centu- GHIYAS- AD -DIN, SHOWING ries before. For thirty years SPEARMAN ON ELEPHANT. TIT T -!-- -I Mahmud had ravaged Hindu- stan from the Indus to the Ganges; and for thirty years Mohammad Ghori harried the same country in the same way. His first object was to gather the Mohammedan provinces of India under his control. He began with the old Arab colony on the Indus, took Multan in 1175 from the heretical Karmathians, whom Mahmud had but temporarily dislodged, marched thence to Anhal- wara in 1178, and by 1182 he had subdued the whole of Sind down to Daibul and the seacoast. Meanwhile his armies had not left the exiled King of Ghazni un- disturbed. Peshawar was taken in 1179, and Khusru Malik, the last of the Ghaznavids, a feeble, gentle soul, utterly unequal to the task of mastering the anarchy which was ruining the remnant of his fathers' king- dom, hastened to give his son as a hostage and to offer deprecatory presents to the invader. The final catas- trophe was thus delayed for a few years. In 1184, how-
