Page:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce (Volume 1).djvu/712

Caravans, through Bactra, the chief route for commerce between India and the West, before Alexander the Great, and the only method of trading with China in the most remote ages, pp. 127-129

——, routes of, in India, chiefly for pilgrims to Benares and Juggernaut, p. 153.

——, from China to Constantinople in ninety days, viâ Oxus, Caspian, Cyrus, and Phasis, p. 161

Carthage, the most important of the colonies of Tyre, p. 16

——, ancient site of, recognised by modern travellers as the "Hill of St. Louis," p. 17

——, in its commercial policy, adheres to the principles of Tyre, did not, as has been asserted, exhibit a lust of conquest, and only created a Navy in self-defence against the Romans, p. 19

——, first expedition from, under Hanno, to western shores of Africa; second expedition under Himilco, to the N.W. of Europe, p. 20

——, like the United States, indebted mainly to her merchant-shipping for her Navy, p. 24

——, first Treaty with the Romans, B.C. 509, shows that Rome had at that period little commerce, p. 169

Carthaginian trade with Central Africa, Malta, Elba, Spain, &c., founded on reciprocity, while that of all her neighbours was rigidly protectionist, pp. 23-24

Cassiteros and "Insulæ Cassiterides," most probable origin of these names, p. 10

Cerne, Island of, the chief Carthaginian depôt in W. Africa, p. 21

Ceylon, the great entrepôt of the trade from the farthest East, in the earliest days, in the time of the Persians and Arabs, and to the present day, pp. 112-150

——, embassy from, to the Emperor Julian the Apostate, p. 151

——, description of its commerce by Cosmas Indicopleustes, A.D. 535, p. 155

Chaldæans, Early, like the Egyptians, of Hamite origin, and shown, by the cuneiform inscriptions, to have been the greatest people of the remotest ages, p. 27

Chanca, Dr., the physician of Columbus, writes an excellent account of his Second Voyage, p. 592

Charlemagne makes treaty of commerce with Offa, and extends French commerce by alliance with Harún-al-Rashíd, A.D. 813, pp. 343-4

—— insists that the rights of Amalfi, Venice, &c., as commercial cities, shall be respected, p. 464

Charnock, Mr., his view on the subject of ancient rowing, pp. 269-271

Chaucer, description of the English seamen of his time in Prologue to "Canterbury Tales," pp. 436-7

China, method of caulking ships used in 1792 not unlike that of more remote times, Introd. p. xxix

—— (Thina), story of the trade with, in Herodotus, p. 128

Cicero's defence of Roscius, argument in, turns on the method of book-*keeping practised at Rome, p. 185

Cilician pirates, war with, and destruction by Pompey at Coracesium, p. 167

Cinnamon, one of the most valuable products of Ceylon, though not mentioned as coming thence in any ancient author, p. 156

Cinque Ports greatly distinguish themselves in action with the French, A.D. 1216, with the earliest existing charter of, from Edward I., A.D. 1272-1307, p. 394, note, and Appendix 4, pp. 629-632

——, duties imposed on, in return for their existing privileges, p. 402

Claudius, Emperor, intelligent zeal of, with reference to the importation of corn, pp. 176-7

——, by bounties, tries to improve the art of ship-building at Rome, p. 301

Coal-fields of Newcastle first opened temp. Edw. III., p. 410

Coal-vessels and barges, law for the admeasurement of, pp. 453-4

Coasting, the characteristic of all early navigation, p. 2

Coasting, difficulties and value of, as tending to form expert seamen, p. 2