IX.] THE GREAT REVOLUTION. 191 Vienna, which was now a second time occupied by the French. Charles encamped beyond the Danube opposite Vienna, and when Napoleon made his first attempt to cross the river, Charles drove him back in the great battle of Aspern. Napoleon had to make new preparations, which occupied several weeks. At last he crossed again on the 7th of June, and defeated Charles in the battle of IVagram, fought nearly on the same ground as Aspern. He now imposed on Francis whatever conditions he chose. Those parts of the Austrian dominions which bordered on Italy and Dalmatia were now incorporated with France by the name of the Illyi-iafi Provinces. Buonaparte also demanded the hand of the Archduchess Maria Louisa, daughter of the Emperor Francis, and great niece of Marie Antoinette. He had made up his mind to divorce Josephine and marry a princess who might bring him heirs. It was of course a great point with him to ally himself in this way with the ancient princely families of Europe, with the House of Austria, and even in some sort with the House of Bourbon. To this sacrifice Francis consented, and gave his daughter to this soldier of fortune. She bore him a son in 1 81 1, who was called King of Rome. There was no war on Napoleon's hands after the battle of Wagram, except what he called the Spanish ulcer. Wellington was still in Spain with his 20,000 English, aided by 30,000 Portuguese. Napoleon sent Massena, whom he termed the spoiled child of victory, with 80,000 men, to drive the hideous leopards into the sea, meaning the lions or leopards in the English arms. But Massena was for- saken by victory at BiisacOj he could not break the entrenchments at Torres Vedras, he was starved out of Portugal, and when he made a second attempt to advance into Portugal, he was beaten in the battle of Fuentes d'Onqrq, near Almeida. The French and Spaniards hated each other bitterly, and both were guilty of such horrors that Joseph, a weak, kindly man, entreated his brother to let him resign, but in vain. At the same time Lewis, whose Dutch subjects would not endure the loss of trade with England, could not bear to carry out his brother's savage modes of enforcing obedience, and actually fled from Holland, which was united to the French empire. Buona- parte annexed to France all the ocean coast of Germany, taking in the three free cities of Bremen^ LJaniburg, and Liibeck. France now touched the Baltic. He also an- nexed the land of Wallis or Valais, which had been first
