X.] THE CHANGES SINCE THE REVOLUTION. 201 successes. In 1827 the fleet of France joined with those of England and Russia to win the victory of Navarino over the Turks, and in the nevt yeir PeJoponnesos was completely treed from its Mus5ulm.an invaders by the help of the French troops. In the first half of 1830 the pirate state of Algieis was attacked, and ihe war begun, which, afier many years of fighting, turned .(4/^^;7Vz into a French colony. 3. The Revolution of 1830. — Charles X.'s last ministry under the Prince of Folignac led hun into greater mistakes than any that he had made already. In March, 1830, the Chamber of Deputies, in answer to the speech from the Throne, reciuested the King to dismiss his ministers. Instead of so doing, Charles dissolved the chaxobers, and, when it was clear that the new elections were wholly un- favourable to the ministry, he put forth three ordinances which were distinctly against the law. By the first the liberty of the press was destroyed, no newspaper or pamphlet was to be published without leave. By the second the Chamber of Deputies was dissolved before it had met : in other words, the king took on himself to annul the elections. By the third the mode of election was altered again, and the franchise was still more restricted. Some of the newspapers were published never- theless, and some of the judgesdeclared that the ordinances were illegal. On July 27th the police were sent to break the presses of the refractory papers. The revolution now began, called the Revolution of the Three days of July ■, from the fighting having happened on the 27th, 28thj and 29th of that month. Barricades formed of carriages, paving-stones, and furniture, were set up in the streets j the tri-coloured flag waved from all the public buildings, and Marshal Marmont was directed to reduce the insurgents with the regular army. All the regiments of the lino sympathized with the insurgents, so that Marmont .'Tur.st employ none but the guards, and, when they tried to force the barricades, they were shot down from the wdndows and crushed with paving-stones from the roofs. La Fayette, who had survived all the storms of the old revolution, proposed the formation of a provisional government. But, instead of this, deputies who had been elected came together and sent a protest to the king, but he took no notice. On the 28th several regiments went over to the insurgents, and Marmont, with 5000 men against 100,000, did his best to defend the Louvre and
