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��INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMERICAN LINGUISTICS
��VOL. I
��ciated with the process of vowel extension. Reduplication is used in nouns as well as in verbs. In the inland dialects initial as well as terminal reduplication is used. The latter may be restricted to the inland. The only reduplication from the coast known to me which is not initial is Snohomish sto'bobc, MEN, from sto'bc. The same word is redupli- cated tA'mto'mic in Comox. sto'bobc is not properly speaking a terminal reduplication as the repeated b is the initial sound of the suffix -be, MAN. From the large amount of material we have from Kalispelm it is obvious that terminal reduplication, that is to say, the repetition of the terminal sound of the stem, is a prominent feature in this dialect (see p. 161). Some of the plurals in Kalispelm are formed by terminal reduplication, whereas none of the diminutives seem to be formed by this process in that dialect. But from Thomp- son, Shuswap, and Okanagon, we have exam- ples of diminutives formed by terminal re- duplication. In Thompson and Shuswap a number of diminutives are also formed by internal reduplication. None of the plurals of these two dialects seem to be formed either by internal or by terminal reduplication. This shows a striking difference between these dia- lects and Kalispelm.
There are two large types of plural redupli- cation which seem to be common to all of the reduplicating Salish dialects. In the first type the stem including the consonant following the vowel is repeated, in the second this consonant is not included. There seems to be a general tendency that in contradistinction to the diminutive formations the accent remains on the reduplicated syllable. The dialects differ as to whether in the process of reduplication the stem of a word is regarded as a unit or not. Thus, in words which consist only of one con- sonant and of one vowel the initial sound of the suffix may or may not be included in the plural-reduplication. While in Kalispelm and Snohomish, the process does not extend be- yond the stem, this is frequently the case in
��Comox (see pp. 169-170). Compare for in- stance: Comox tA'mto'mic, MEN. As far as I know, a prefix is never included in the re- duplication in any of the dialects.
The general type of diminutive reduplica- tion common to all of the reduplicating dia- lects consists in repeating the stem exclusive of the consonant following the vowel. This process is distinguished from the shorter type of plural reduplication by the more or less general tendency in the diminutive to throw the accent on the reduplicating-syllable. Com- pare for instance: Snohomish sla'tadai', LIT- TLE WOMAN and slala'dai', WOMEN. A con- comitant phenomenon of this shift of accent is the tendency towards reduction or elimina- tion of the unaccented stem-vowel in the diminutive forms (see p. 164).
The vowel of the reduplicating-syllable of the diminutive may either be the same in quality as the stem-vowel of the simplex or it may show a shift. The most common shift of this kind is that to an t-vowel. This dimin- utive-reduplication with i-shift is a very per- sistent feature in the Salishan dialects and seems to be common to most of them; how- ever, it does not appear to occur in Clallam, or in Thompson and Shuswap. The most frequent vowel-shift in the diminutives of Clallam is that to a (see p. 167). In Thompson and Shuswap the vowel of the reduplicating- syllable is normally the same as that of the stem.
As shown repeatedly in the above discus- sions, the plural or the diminutive of one and the same word may be formed in different ways in different dialects. For instance:
Seshelt: ho'pit, DEER; pi., hEphS'pit
Nanaimo: ha'pet; pi., hala'pet
and:
Kalispelm: she'utem, GIRL; pi., shue'utem Shuswap: ya'utEm; pi., yuyautEm
or:
Snohomish: sto'bobc Comox: tA'mto'mic
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