himself to the very close of his long life in his occupation as a printer—which cannot have been idly prosecuted, seeing that as many as sixty-four books issued from his press in no more than twenty years—but he was constantly employed translating works to be printed, chiefly from the French. His last labour was the translation of the Lives of the Fathers, which we learn from an edition published by Wynkin de Worde in 1495, he finished "at the last day of his life." In the parish records of St. Margaret's, Westminster, for the year 1491 or 1492, we read—"Item, atte bureyng of William Caxton, for iiij torches," and "Item for the belle at same bureyng." It may be interesting to quote the titles of a few more of the earlier products of this first English printing-press—The Book named Cordyale, or Memorare Novissima, which treateth of the "Foure Last Things," 1478-80; The Chronicles of Englond, 1480; Descripcion of Britayne, 1480; The Mirrour of the World, or thymage of the same, 1481; The Historye of Reynart the Foxe, 1481; The Book of Tullius de Senectute, with Tullius de Amicitia, and the Declamacyon, which laboureth to shew wherein Honour sholde rest, 1481; Godefroy of Bologne, or the Last Siege and Conqueste of Jherusalem, 1481; The Pylgremage of the Sowle, 1483, &c., &c.—(The sources of information with regard to Caxton and the early history of printing are Lewis' Life of Caxton, London, 1737; Oldys in Biog. Brit.; Warton's Hist. of Eng. Poet.; Dibdin's edition of Ames' Typog. Antiquities; Chalmers' Biog. Dict.; Penny Cyclopædia.)—J. B.
CAYET, Pierre Victor Palma, born at Montrichard in Touraine in 1525; died in 1610. He adopted the reformed doctrines in early life, and was chaplain and preacher to Catherine de Bourbon. The example of Henry IV. was not lost on the puritan preacher, and after a passage of arms in a theological tournament, Cayet was reconciled to what in France was called the church. It was a neck and neck race between Catholics and Calvinists for the body and soul of the wretched man. The Calvinists held a synod and deposed him, in order that the opposite party should not have it to boast that they had converted a man revered among the reformers, but had, by receiving a man degraded and deposed, in some degree shared such indignities as were studiously heaped on him. Degraded and deposed he was by the Calvinists; by the party who had won him, he was given priests' orders at the age of seventy-five. By the party whom he left he was accused of immoralities of a kind from which the period of life to which he had arrived might have protected him, were there any protection from the accusations of people so strongly preoccupied by prejudice as to be almost incapable of reasoning. Cayet was accused, not alone of such crimes as in any state of society may he imputed truly or falsely, but of others which, as resting on no grounds that could be examined, were more easily believed. The memory of Cayet cannot be washed clear of the scandal and the sin of apostasy. He was believed to be a magician, to have entered into a contract with the devil, who was to have his soul finally, on the strange condition of enabling him to have the best of every adversary in theological argumentation. Among other works of Cayet was a translation from the German of one of the legendary histories of Faustus. Cayet's book was entitled "Histoire prodigieuse et lamentable du Docteur Faust, grand magicien." Another of his books is the "Veritable history of the delivery of the soul of the Emperor Trajan from hell torments, by the intercession of St. Gregory the Great." Cayet at his death did not quite satisfy the clergy of the church which he joined. He, however, was given the last rites of the church, and buried in the monastery of St. Victor, the abbé expressing some doubts as to the propriety of the concession.—J. A., D.
* CAYLEY, Arthur, a very eminent English mathematician, born at Richmond, 16th August, 1821. Mr. Cayley was destined for the bar, but his scientific tastes prevailed. He has devoted himself chiefly to the culture of the transcendental analysis; and his able memoirs are found in all our scientific collections. One paper, out of the multitude, may be remarked, viz., "On the Theory of Linear Transformation." Mr. Cayley seems destined to confer yet many services on analytic s cience.—J. P. N.
CAYLUS, Anne-Claude-Phillipe de Tubières de Grimoard de Pestels de Levi, Count de, a distinguished student of the fine arts, born at Paris in 1692. He became a soldier at an early age, and won considerable distinction. After the peace of Rastadt he left the army and travelled into Italy, for the purpose of studying art, and afterwards visited Constantinople, Ephesus, and Colophon. On his return to Paris he was employed in engraving and illustrating the stones and medals of the king's cabinet, and superintending the publication of works descriptive of the collection. In 1731 he was admitted into the Academy of Painting and Sculpture, and in return for the honour wrote the lives of its more distinguished members. Among numerous works of less moment, Caylus prepared the "Recueil d'Antiquités Egyptiennes, Etrusques, Grecques. Romaines, et Gauloises," 7 vols. 4to. He died at Paris in 1765.—J. B.
CAYLUS, Marthe Marguerite de Vilette de Murçay, Marquise de, well known as the authoress of "Memoirs," edited by Voltaire in 1770. She was the granddaughter of the celebrated Theodore Agrippa D'Aubigné, and was consequently related to madame de Maintenon, who took her to Paris at an early age, and introduced her into courtly society. Her extraordinary beauty, talents, and accomplishments found her hosts of admirers, who loaded her with adulations, a husband whom she reasonably detested for being always drunk, and the opportunity of amassing those interesting "Souvenirs," which have added to her fame with posterity the only merit she seemed to lack in the eyes of her contemporaries—that, namely, of an accomplished authoress. She was born in Poitou in 1673, and died in 1729.—J. S., G.
* CAYX, Remi Jean Baptiste Charles, born at Cahors, July, 1795. Having, under the monarchy of Louis Philippe, held high appointments in the university, which, owing to the restrictive system adopted by Napoleon III., no longer exist, M. Cayx is now obliged to be contented with the rectorship of the departmental academy of the Seine. Elected in 1840 a member of the chamber of deputies, he took little part in any discussions which related not to the interest of letters, of which he showed himself the faithful guardian. He is the author of a history of France during the middle ages, and of a history of the Roman empire from the battle of Actium, in 2 vols.—J. F. C.
CAZALES, Jacques Antoine Marie de, famous for the eloquence and hardihood with which he enforced the doctrine and supported the cause of constitutional monarchy during the early days of the first Revolution; and for the zealous although not inconsiderate services he rendered to the Bourbon family during their tedious exile, was born at Grenade-sur-Garonne in 1758. At the age of fifteen, when he entered the military service, his education was exceedingly, although for a young gentleman-soldier not singularly defective; but so diligently had he applied himself to study, especially the study of Montesquieu and the English historians, during the period between the date of his enlistment and that of the formation of the first national assembly, that upon being deputed to that body by the noblesse of his native bailliage, he at once assumed a lead in the most important deliberations then pending respecting the rights and privileges of the three orders of the state and those of the sovereign. A royalist by birth and inclination, and the chief defender of royalty, in virtue of the command he exercised by his eloquence over his fellow-deputies; a zealous defender also of the privileges of the order he served—he was, nevertheless, as Mirabeau and others have testified, held in respect by all parties, and no less admired for his virtue than his talents. He was in exile in England when he learned that Louis XVI. was to be brought to judgment. With characteristic devotion he wrote to the unhappy monarch, praying to be allowed to conduct his defence. To Louis XVIII. his political talents, and no less his high character, were often of singular advantage. In 1803 he was allowed to return to France. Till his death in 1805 he lived in the greatest privacy on a small estate near his native village.—J. S., G.
CAZAN-KHAN, the seventh sovereign of the Mogul dynasty in Persia, was placed upon the throne on the deposition and death of Baidu in 1295, through the influence of the emir Norouz. He at the same time embraced the Moslem religion, but was always suspected of adhering in secret to his former faith. He behaved with great ingratitude to his powerful supporter, Norouz, drove him from court, and ultimately put him to death in 1297. He entered into an alliance with Pope Boniface VIII. against the mamelukes, invaded and subdued great part of Syria, and inflicted a signal defeat upon the sultan, Nasser-Mohammed, near Hems, in 1299. But in 1303 he was stripped of all his conquests in Syria, and completely defeated by the sultan at Mardj-safar, near Damascus, with the loss of almost his whole army. Cazan's mortification at this defeat is said to have shortened his life. He died in 1304. His person
