the end of the sixteenth century, and died about 1670. He practised his profession at Yverdun. He published descriptions and drawings of plants, particularly native species and those used in the arts, domestic economy, and medicine. He also superintended, but very inefficiently, the publication of Bauhin's Historia Plantarum.—J. H. B.
CHABRIAS: a renowned Athenian general. In 388 b.c. he defeated Gorgopas at the head of a powerful Spartan force in the island of Ægina. In 379 he was sent with an army of 5000 men to the assistance of Thebes against Agesilaus, whom he forced to retire on one occasion, by drawing up his troops with their right knees on the ground, their shields resting on their left, and their spears protruded. The Athenians erected a statue to Chabrias in commemoration of this success, representing him in the attitude which he had caused his soldiers to assume. In September, 376 b.c., in a sharply-contested action near Naxos, he completely defeated the Lacedemonian fleet under Pollio, disabling or capturing forty-nine triremes, and regained for Athens the mastery of the sea. The Athenian admiral then sailed victorious round the Ægean, and, according to Demosthenes, made prizes of other twenty triremes; took three thousand prisoners, with one hundred and ten talents in money; and added seventeen new cities to the Athenian confederacy. After many other brilliant exploits, he at length perished in the social war, 358 b.c., in an attack upon Chios, which had thrown off the Athenian yoke.—J. T.
CHABROL de Crouzol, André Jean, Count, a distinguished French statesman, was born in 1771. He was prefect of the Rhone when Napoleon landed from Elba, and dexterously contrived to evade the duty imposed upon him by that responsible situation of resisting the advance of the emperor upon Lyons. On the restoration of the Bourbons, violent tumults broke out at Lyons against the Bonapartists, and many innocent persons were assassinated, or murdered, under the forms of law. Chabrol incurred deserved odium for not resisting the proceedings of the fanatical royalist mob, and was recalled in 1817. Soon after his return to Paris, however, he was employed by the ministry, and after filling various subordinate situations, was created a peer in 1824, and minister of marine. His economical and energetic administration of this department gave general satisfaction. In 1829 the urgent entreaties of Charles X. induced him reluctantly to accept the portfolio of finance under Prince Polignac. During his short term of office he effected considerable savings in the public expenditure. After the revolution of 1830, Count Chabrol devoted himself mainly to agricultural, scientific, and literary pursuits. He died in 1836.—J. T.
CHABROL de Volvic, Gilbert Joseph Gaspard, Count de, brother of the preceding, was born in 1773. He was a member of the scientific expedition sent to explore the antiquities of Egypt; took part in the preparation of the great work on Egypt, compiled by the members of the expedition; and published a volume of his own "On the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians." His services and abilities attracted the attention of Napoleon, who appointed him prefect of an Italian department, and afterwards of the department of the Seine. He subsequently gained the entire confidence of Louis XVIII., and for many years devoted himself with untiring assiduity to the duties of his situation. He reformed and enlarged the public hospitals, constructed slaughter-houses, sewers, canals, bridges, fountains, walks, and the Bourse, together with a great number of churches. The fine arts also were the objects of his constant solicitude, nor was he less anxious to promote public education. He erected the royal colleges of St. Louis, Stanislaus, and Rollin, contributed towards the restoration of the Sorbonne, and instituted great numbers of primary schools, leaving, when he quitted office, twenty-six thousand children, instead of seventeen hundred, under instruction in his department. After the restoration of 1830, Chabrol retired into private life, and died in 1843.—J. T.
CHACON or CIACONIUS, Pedro, a learned Spaniard, born at Toledo in 1525; died at Rome in 1581. His erudition was the admiration of such learned contemporaries as Baronius, De Thou, and Casaubon. He was canon of Seville.
CHADERTON, Laurence, first master of Emmanuel college, Cambridge, was born in Lancashire in 1546. He was educated a Roman catholic, and intended by his father for the profession of law. Devoting himself to theology, and becoming a student at Cambridge, he was disinherited by his father. He gradually rose in his profession, till, in 1584, Sir Walter Mildmay, the refounder of Emmanuel college, chose him for its first master. He was one of the divines employed under James I. in the translation of the scriptures. He is the author of some sermons, and of a treatise on justification. He died in 1640.—J. B.
* CHADWICK, Edwin, was born on the 24th January, 1801, in the vicinity of Manchester. He was intended for the bar, but the natural bent of his mind was towards social and statistical questions, and he attracted considerable attention by an article on life assurance in the Westminster Review in 1828, and by two papers—one on "Preventive Police," the other on "The Administration of Medical Charities in France"—which appeared in the London Review in 1829. In 1832, when preparing to practise at the common law bar, he was, on the recommendation of Mr. Senior, appointed an assistant-commissioner upon the inquiry into the working of the poor laws in England and Wales. The masterly report which he prepared obtained for him at once a seat in the commission of inquiry. He was next employed, along with Dr. Southwood Smith and Mr. Tooke, in an inquiry into factory labour. When the poor law board was constituted in 1834, Mr. Chadwick was appointed secretary to the board, and for thirteen years discharged the duties of that laborious and responsible office with untiring assiduity and vigour. During that period he also assisted in carrying out various important measures for promoting public health, and drew up the report of the constabulary commission, and the report "On the General Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Classes in Great Britain." In 1847 Mr. Chadwick was appointed to the metropolitan sanitary commission, and in the following year he was nominated a member of the general board of health. It is undeniable that this board contributed greatly to the improvement of the public health, but its vigorous sanitary measures excited the hostility of several powerful individuals and interests, and when the government proposed in 1854 to renew the public health act, they were taken by surprise, and unexpectedly defeated by a small majority. The administration of the act was in consequence intrusted to a member of the house of commons, and Mr. Chadwick, who had previously received the honour of companion of the bath, retired upon a pension.—J. T.
CHÆREA, C. Cassius, the originator of the conspiracy by which the Emperor Caligula was slain, a.d. 41, was tribune of the prætorian guards. On the accession of Claudius he was put to death.
CHÆREMON, a celebrated tragic poet, flourished at Athens, 380 b.c. Three epigrams in the Greek anthology are ascribed to Chæremon.
CHÆREMON of Alexandria, a stoic philosopher, chief librarian of the Alexandrian library, came to Rome, and was appointed one of the preceptors of Nero. Besides treatises on hieroglyphics and comets he wrote a history of Egypt.
CHÆREPHON, the well-known disciple of Socrates, was banished by the thirty tyrants, returned to Athens 403 b.c., and died some time before the condemnation of his master in 399.
CHAGIS, R' Jacob ben Samuel ben Jacob, descended from a Spanish family, settled at Fez. He passed some time of his life at Leghorn, then officiated as rabbi at Jerusalem, and ended his days at Constantinople in 1688. His fourteen works, enumerated by his son, Moses Chagis, in a preface to one of Jacob Chagis' compositions, are valuable introductions to the study of the Mishna and Talmud.—Moses Chagis, son of Jacob, was a native of Jerusalem, and came to Europe for the purpose of collecting funds for the support of the Eastern synagogues. He resided for a time at Altona near Hamburg; in 1738 he returned to Sidon, thence to Zephath, where he died at an advanced age. His literary activity was great; he wrote on the Talmud; a commentary on Daniel; several books on ethics; also a topography of Jerusalem and the adjacent country. The doctrines of Sabbatai Zebi, propagated in Europe by Nehemiah Chayun, were zealously controverted by Chagis in the "Iggereth Hakkenaoth" (the Epistle of Zeal); "Shofetim Baarez" (the Judges in the Land); and "Sheber Poshim" (the Shattering of the Wicked); in which the system and the history of Sabbatai's school are unsparingly exposed.—T. T.
CHAHYN-GHÉRAI, the last khan of the Crimea, who reigned from about 1777 to 1780. He was installed on the throne through the intervention of the emperor of Russia, who afterwards, availing himself of an insurrection in the khan's dominions, sent an army into the Crimea. To resist this aggression, the Tartars and Turks entered into an alliance, but their
