the castle surrendered to the parliamentary forces commanded by Sir William Waller. Being in bad health, and unable to be removed to London, he was conveyed to the bishop's palace in Chichester, where he shortly after died in January, 1644, and was buried at his own request in the cathedral. His last days were disturbed by the dogmatic assaults of Dr. Cheynell, who charging him with socinianism refused to bury him, but met the mourners at the grave, and with solemn buffoonery buried Chillingworth's book, "as a cursed treatise which might rot with its author and see corruption."—(See Cheynell.)—Chillingworth was one of those men whose subtilty of mind occasionally overreaches themselves—who are so fond of debate, and so ready to split a hair, that they destroy their own powers of belief, and amidst arguments and counter-arguments, doubts and difficulties, and all the other weapons of a sleepless casuistry, gradually, and as if unconsciously, train themselves to scepticism. Tillotson vindicates him from the charge of socinianism, and Locke says that the reading of him "will teach both perspicuity and the right way of reasoning, better than any book that I know." Chillingworth was rather small in stature, "but of great soul," says Wood, and he was rarely provoked into passion, though so often engaged in intellectual skirmishes.—J. E.
CHILMEAD, Edmund, a deeply-read mathematician, and well skilled both in the theory and practice of music. He was born at Stow in the Wold in Gloucestershire, and became one of the clerks of Magdalen college, Oxford. About the year 1632 he was nominated one of the chaplains of Christ church; but being ejected by the parliament visitors in 1648, he came to London, and took lodgings in the old printing-office of Thomas Este in Aldersgate Street. In a large room of this house he held a weekly music meeting, from the profits of which his chief subsistence was derived. Chilmead was an excellent Greek scholar, and was employed to draw up a catalogue of the Greek MSS. in the Bodleian library. Wood mentions a treatise of his "De Sonis," which does not appear to have been printed. His tract, "De Musica Antiqua Græca," printed at the end of the Oxford edition of Aratus in 1672, contains a designation of the ancient genera, agreeable to the sentiments of Boethius, with a general enumeration of the modes; after which follows three odes of Dionysius, with the Greek musical characters adapted to the notes of Guido's scale. This learned man died in 1654, in the forty-third year of his age, and was interred in the church of St. Botolph Without, Aldersgate.—E. F. R.
CHILON, a Lacedemonian, one of the seven sages of Greece, flourished about the year 590 b.c. The institution of the ephoralty is erroneously ascribed to Chilon. He died of joy, it is said, when his son gained a prize at the Olympic games.
CHILPERIC I., one of the four sons of Clotaire I., attempted, at his father's death, to get possession of the undivided sovereignty, but was compelled to content himself with the kingdom of Soissons or Neustria in 562. Having divorced his first wife, and caused his second to be strangled, he raised to their place his former mistress, the infamous Fredegonda; and her influence, in conjunction with his own licentious ambition, plunged him into a series of wars and crimes, which terminated with his assassination in 583, when engaged in an attempt to dispossess his brother Guntram of Burgundy.—W. B.
CHILPERIC II., a reputed son of Childeric II., was placed upon the throne of Neustria at the death of Dagobert III. He was a man of considerable energy, and attempted to enlarge his territories by the conquest of Austrasia. But he had to cope with a formidable opponent in the celebrated Charles Martel; and, notwithstanding the aid of Eudes of Aquitaine, he was compelled in 719, to accept terms, which, while they gave him the nominal sovereignty of the Frankish empire, placed the whole power in the hands of Martel.—W. B.
CHIPMAN, Nathaniel, LL.D., an eminent jurist and senator of Vermont in New England, was born at Salisbury, Connecticut, in 1752, entered Yale college in 1773, quitted it to join the American army as a lieutenant in 1777, and received his degree as A.B. while absent in the field. He spent the winter at Valley Forge, was present at the battle of Monmouth, and then resigned his commission, and began the study of law. He commenced practice in Rutland county, Vermont, and soon became a leader of the bar, being employed in every important case. At several different periods he was chief-justice of Vermont, and from 1798 till 1804, a senator of the United States. In 1796 he was appointed to revise the laws of the state, and nearly all the revised statutes of the following year were written by him. In 1816 he was appointed professor of law in Middlebury college. He published a volume of reports and legal dissertations, and a work on the "Principles of Government." He died in 1843.—F. B.
CHIRAC, Pierre, first physician to Louis XV., born at Conques in Aveyron in 1650; died in 1732. He practised for some time at Montpellier, in 1706 went to Italy with the duke of Orleans, the following year accompanied the duke to Spain, and in 1715 was appointed his first physician. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1728 received letters of nobility from Louis XV., who made him his first physician in 1731. He left some medical treatises which, although written in an uncouth style, hold an important place in the history of his profession.—J. S., G.
* CHISHOLM, Mrs. Caroline, famous for her benevolent exertions on behalf of the emigrant population of Sydney and elsewhere, was born about the year 1810, in the parish of Wooton, Northamptonshire. She married in her twentieth year Captain Alexander Chisholm, with whom shortly after their marriage she proceeded to Madras. There she established a school for the female children and orphans of the British soldiery, which, so long as she remained in India, proved remarkably successful. Her husband being obliged by ill health in 1838 to seek a change of climate, went to Sydney in Australia, and there Mrs. Chisholm was to endear herself to thousands of emigrants, by lending them small sums of money, by receiving into an asylum the destitute girls among them, and by exerting herself to procure situations for all who applied to her. In 1846 Captain Chisholm and his wife revisited England, taking up their residence at Islington. While in England, where she remained till 1854, the date of her return to Australia, Mrs. Chisholm established a "Family Colonization Society" for collecting passage money in weekly instalments, and in various cities explained in public her views on the subject of emigration. Before she left England a considerable sum of money was presented to her by a numerous body of subscribers.—J. S., G.
CHISHULL, Edmund, a learned divine, and writer on classical antiquities, born at Eyworth in Bedfordshire; died rector of South Church in Essex in 1733. He was educated at Corpus Christi college, and having obtained a traveller's exhibition, and been appointed chaplain to the English factory at Smyrna, he sailed from England in 1698, and continued in Syria till 1702. On his return to England, among other preferments he obtained that of chaplain in ordinary to the queen. The greater number of his dissertations were incorporated in the edition of his "Antiq. Asiaticæ," published in 1724.—J. S., G.
CHITTENDEN, Thomas, first governor of the state of Vermont in New England, was born at Guilford, Connecticut, in 1730. Having received only a common school education, he was bred a farmer, and being a shrewd, active, and able man, soon rose, in Yankee fashion, to be a colonel in the militia, and a justice of the peace. In 1774, to provide more effectually for the wants of a growing family, he removed to the "New Hampshire Grants," as they were then called—a territory, the jurisdiction of which had long been fiercely disputed between New Hampshire and New York, but which was afterwards, mainly through Chittenden's agency, erected into the independent state of Vermont (1777). Fearful of giving offence to the two outside claimants, however, congress virtually refused to admit Vermont into the union. Chittenden, as governor, therefore opened a correspondence with the English authorities, holding out hopes that Vermont would follow the example of Canada in adhering to British rule. The letters were intercepted, as he probably intended they should be; and congress in dismay then attempted to compromise, but had no power to compel New Hampshire and New York to withdraw their claims. The controversy was protracted till the end of the war; and the people of Vermont being then numerous and stout enough to defend themselves by arms, their independence was virtually acknowledged, and in 1791 the state was finally admitted into the union. Such was the simplicity of manners, that Chittenden, though governor for many years, still continued his original occupations as farmer and inn-keeper. He was a benevolent and religious man, of irreproachable character, and great popularity. In October, 1796, he took a solemn and affecting leave of his associates in the government, and died August 24th in the following year.—His son, Martin Chittenden, a graduate of
