the New Testament, and on the Psalms; most of which have been published and translated in the Oxford Library of the Fathers. His treatise "On the Priesthood" was translated by Bunce, London, 1759, 8vo, and subsequently by Marsh. The best and most complete edition of all the works is that of Montfauçon, in 13 volumes folio, Paris, 1718-1738; reprinted at Paris, 1834-1839, in 13 volumes imp. 8vo, under the editorship of Sinner. Earlier editions were those of Sir H. Savile, 8 volumes folio, Eton, 1610-1613; and of Fronto Ducæus, completed by Morell, Paris, 1609-36, 12 vols., folio. His life has been written by Palladius, Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, Erasmus, Du Pin, Tillemont, Montfauçon, Cramer, Cave, Oudin, Schroeckh, Neander, Böhringer, and others. The best biography is that of Neander, third edition, 1858, translated by Stapleton from an earlier edition, London, 1838, 8vo, vol. i. (all published). Perthes's biography is much briefer and more popular, but has no independent value.—S. D.
CHRYSOSTOM, Dion. See Dion.
* CHRZANOWSKI, Adalbert, a Polish general, born in 1788, descended from an ancient family celebrated in the annals of Poland. He entered the Russian army in 1809, and served with distinction throughout the war with France. After the downfall of Napoleon he returned home and obtained a commission as lieutenant in the new Polish army which was organized under the command of the Grand Duke Constantine. He served under Diebitsch in 1828 in the campaign against the Turks, and was rewarded for his distinguished services by being appointed a lieutenant-colonel by the Emperor Nicholas after the peace of Adrianople. On the breaking out of the Polish insurrection in 1830, Chrzanowski joined the patriots, and was appointed chief of the staff to the commander-in-chief Skrzynecki. Though he seems from the first to have formed an exaggerated opinion of the excellence of the Russian troops, he fought with great bravery in his country's cause, gained a signal victory at Minsk, and made a masterly retreat from Zamosc. Towards the close of the insurrection he was nominated governor of Warsaw, and made a desperate though unsuccessful resistance to the Russian assault. On the capture of the city he retired to France. In 1849 he was appointed commander of the Piedmontese army under the king, in the war with Austria, but was defeated at Novara; and on the termination of the campaign returned to Paris, where he has ever since resided.—J. T.
CHUBB, Thomas, a noted deistical writer, was born at East Harnham, near Salisbury, Sept. 29, 1679. His early education was scanty, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a glover in Salisbury. Some time afterwards he became a tallow-chandler in the same city. His leisure time was employed in reading, and acquiring a knowledge of mathematics and some of the sciences. At that period theological controversy ran high, especially about the trinity, and Clarke and Waterland were in the field. After Whiston's Arian work had appeared in 1710, the restless mind of Chubb plunged into the debate, and he published in 1715 the "Supremacy of the Father Vindicated." The book made some noise, as coming from an illiterate tradesman; Pope spoke of it with respect, and its success intoxicated the author. Tract followed tract from his teeming and ill-ordered brain in vast variety. Sir Joseph Jekyll patronized him, and received him for a period into his house. His last years were spent in connection with his business in Salisbury, though authorship engrossed no little of his time; and he died suddenly on the 8th of February, 1746-47, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. In 1730 Chubb published a quarto volume of his collected tracts, and in 1738 he published "True Gospel of Jesus asserted." He left behind him two volumes of posthumous works, which were published in 1748, and from them his last opinions may be gathered—that he had no true faith in revelation—that he did not believe in a future judgment, if even in a future state, and that he held that prayer is not a necessary duty. Among his publications may be mentioned a "Discourse on Reason;" "On Moral and Positive Duties;" "On Future Judgment and Eternal Punishment;" "Inquiry about the Inspiration of the New Testament;" and "Doctrine of Vicarious Suffering and Intercession Refuted." Chubb thought himself qualified to write on any topics in morals or religion, and his style is not without vigour, though he was rash and careless in the extreme. Vanity led him astray, and the idea of being a champion dazzled him. He aimed at too many things in his morbid impatience of mind, became arrogant on points which he was not fitted to discuss, dealt in low quibbles about obscure passages in the English version of the scriptures, sneered where he could not argue, and at length sank into a species of universal scepticism. As Bishop Law says, "Notwithstanding the caveat he has entered against such a charge, he must unavoidably be set down in the seat of the scorner."—(Leland's View of Deistical Writers.)
CHUDLEIGH, Lady Mary, wife of Sir George Chudleigh, Bart., and daughter of Richard Lee, Esq., Devonshire, born in 1656; died in 1710. A number of poetical pieces from her pen, which had been separately published, appeared in 1703, 8vo, and a third edition in 1722. The year of her death, she dedicated to the Princess Sophia of Hanover a collection of essays in prose and verse. Specimens of her correspondence are preserved in various collections.—J. S., G.
CHUMNUS, Nicephorus, a Byzantine of high birth, who lived about the close of the thirteenth and the beginning of the fourteenth century, and held several important offices in the court of the emperor, Andronicus Palaeologus the elder. He was on the most intimate terms with his imperial master, and in 1295 his daughter Irene married the emperor's son, John. During the civil war which followed Chumnus remained faithful to his master; but he was at length defeated and compelled to retire into a cloister, where he assumed the name of Nathaniel. He died in 1330, leaving a great number of treatises on philosophy, religion, rhetoric, and on civil and ecclesiastical law, and a valuable collection of letters.—J. T.
CHURCH, Benjamin, a New England captain distinguished in the Indian wars, was born in Duxbury, Massachusetts, in 1639, and was the first settler of Little Compton in Rhode Island. Philip, sachem of the Wampanoags, a savage of much energy and ability, stirred up a general Indian war against the white settlements in New England, which caused great bloodshed and devastation. Church was commissioned as a captain in this war, and did excellent service till its close, fighting the Indians in their own fashion. Church kept a journal of his adventures, which is a good history of the war, and was published by his son in 1716, and reprinted in 1772. In 1689-1704 he commanded four different expeditions against the French and Indians on the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers, and in Nova Scotia; in all of them showing bravery and good conduct, and having good success. Hutchison calls him a "fortunate officer," and Hubbard describes him as "both prudent and brave." He died on the 17th of January, 1718, in consequence of a fall from his horse, in the seventy-eighth year of his age.—F. B.
CHURCH, Sir Richard, an English officer who served in the Greek war of independence, was born in 1780. He embraced the military profession at an early period, and served for many years in the British army, and afterwards in the Neapolitan force. He commanded for some time a Greek corps kept on English pay in the Ionian islands. In 1827 he went by invitation to the assistance of the Greek patriots, whom he found rent into hostile factions, waging furious contests with one another, rather than against the common foe. By his influence, combined with that of Lord Cochrane and Captain Hamilton of the Cambrian, a temporary reconciliation was effected between the rival parties, and Church was appointed general of the land forces, while Lord Cochrane was made admiral of the fleet. A vigorous effort was made by these eminent officers to retrieve the decaying fortunes of the Greeks, and a considerable force having been collected. General Church was persuaded to risk a battle for the relief of the citadel of Athens, which was closely blockaded by the Turks. His movements, however, were paralyzed by the insubordination of his troops and their officers, and the result was a disastrous defeat, in which the Greeks lost 1500 men, and the citadel soon after was forced to capitulate. General Church then took up a strong position on the isthmus of Corinth, and after the battle of Navarino he led a force of five thousand men into Acarnania, and recovered all the country south of Aria from the Turks. In 1829 he made himself master of the gulf of Prevesa, and occupied all the places along the gulf of Ambracia, with the exception of Prevesa. But he was treated with base ingratitude by the President Capo d'Istrias, who was devoted to the interests of Russia, and compelled to resign his command. The publication, in 1830, of his pamphlet entitled "Observations on an eligible line of frontier for Greece as an Independent State," was seized as a pretext by the president to order General Church to quit the
