was a christian. His wife was banished because she had embraced the same religion. Under the church of St. Clement at Rome, on the Cælian hill, was found, in 1725, an inscription in honour of Flavius Clemens, martyr. Sometimes he has been confounded with Clemens Romanus. Notices of him may be found in Eusebius and Jerome.—S. D.
CLEMENS NON PAPA or CLEMENT, Jacob, a musician, was born in Flanders, but the exact time and place are unknown; he died in 1565. He was designated by his contemporaries with the affix "Non Papa" to his name, to distinguish him from Pope Clement VII., who lived at the same time. Clemens spent some years in Italy, where his fame as a composer became very general; he was afterwards engaged to direct the chapel, then in very high repute, of the Emperor Charles V. A mass, printed in 1558, and some pieces in three different collections of motets and secular songs for four voices, were the only works of this master published during his life; but in 1568 and 1569 were printed his "Cantionum Sacrarum" and "Chansons Françaises," and in 1580 his "Requiem." Burney praises the purity of his counterpoint, and Hawkins prints a canon of his composition as a specimen of this, and of the state of music in his time."—G. A. M.
CLEMENT, a distinguished Irish scholar and ecclesiastic, who lived towards the end of the eighth century. He accompanied his friend Albin to the court of Charlemagne at Paris; the manner in which they attracted the notice of the monarch is already stated.—(See Albin.) Charlemagne retained Clement in Paris, and all the young men of the city of every rank were put under his tuition. It is right to remark that Tiraboschi, in his History of Italian literature, doubts the truth of the story of these monks' introduction to the emperor; but both Muratori and Denina give credence to it, and there is no reason to doubt the facts of the narrative. Clement wrote a life of his royal patron, and several other works which were held in high reputation.—J. F. W.
CLEMENT, Augustin Jean Charles, bishop of Versailles, was born at St. Creteil, near Paris, on the 8th September, 1717. After studying jurisprudence he became a clergyman, received priest's orders in 1744, and was admitted into the chapter in the principal church at Auxerre. He was a zealous jansenist, combating the jesuits with great boldness. To promote the jansenist interest, he visited the Netherlands in 1752 and 1762, and took several journeys to Italy and Spain. In 1797 he was appointed constitutional bishop of Versailles. In that year he took a leading part in the first national council at Paris. After Pius VII. entered into negotiation with the Emperor Napoleon respecting a concordat, he resigned his dignity, and died on the 3d March, 1804.—(See Memoires secrets sur la vie de M. Clement, by Saillant, Paris, 1812, 8vo.)—S. D.
CLEMENT, François, a benedictine monk of St. Maur, born at Beze in Burgundy in 1714. He embraced the monastic life in the benedictine abbey of Vendome, where he studied with intense application. Having been ordered by his superiors to Paris, he turned his attention chiefly to history. In 1770 he published, in connection with Brial, the twelfth volume of the "Recueil des histoires des Gaules et de la France," begun in 1738. The thirteenth volume appeared in 1786. He is also the author of "Catalogus MSS. codicum collegii Claromontani," 1764, 8vo; and "L'art de verifier les dates des faits historiques," which, in the third edition, Paris, 1783, three volumes folio, may be called a new work, though founded upon that which was originally published by Dantine, Durand, and Clemencet in 1750, and of which he had superintended the second edition in one volume folio, Paris, 1770. It is said that he spent thirty years on this work. His studies were interrupted by the Revolution, during which he sought shelter in one convent after another, and lastly in the house of his nephew. He had made considerable progress in the composition of another book to be entitled "L'art de verifier les dates avant Jes. Christ.," but died suddenly of apoplexy before its completion, on the 29th March, 1793.—S. D.
CLEMENT, Jacques, murderer of Henry III., king of France, was born in the village of Sorbonne. He became a dominican monk, and afterwards priest. His disposition was gloomy and enthusiastic. Sights from heaven appeared to him; voices from heaven addressed him. God commissioned him, so he alleged, to sacrifice his life for the faith, and deliver the church from an apostate king. He set out for Paris on the 31st July, 1589, to the camp of the king at St. Cloud, with a knife in his sleeve. La Guesle, procurator-general of the king, whom he had informed of his having important things to disclose to Henry, conducted him into the royal presence, in the house of one Jerome of Gondi. When the monk presented to the king an epistle, the latter read it as he sat, inclined his ear to the kneeling man to receive the important intelligence which could not be given in the hearing of another, and received a mortal wound in the abdomen from Clement. The king tore the knife from his body, and with it stabbed the murderer twice in the face. La Guesle and the royal servants soon despatched Clement, who never spoke. He is supposed to have been twenty-four or twenty-five years old at the date of his death.—(See Thuani Hist. ed. Francof., lib. 94-96.)—S. D.
CLEMENT, Jean Marie Bernard, a French critic of considerable celebrity, born at Dijon in 1742; died in 1812.
* CLEMENT, Knut Jungbohn, a Danish writer of reputation, was born in the island of Amram on the 4th December, 1803. In 1825, he was sent to Altona, whence in due time he entered the university of Kiel, devoting himself to theology and languages. Here he remained two years, and after a short residence at the university of Heidelberg, took his degree of doctor in philosophy. The reputation of Clement soon attracted the notice of the Danish government, who furnished him with the means of travelling through the British islands, France, Belgium, and Germany. On his return he was attached to the university at Kiel, where he delivered a very popular course of public lectures. The pen of Clement has not been an idle one. Besides several volumes on his travels, he has written on politics, history, languages, and polite literature. He is justly esteemed as a writer of original genius and sprightliness, and enjoys the reputation of being an excellent linguist.—J. F. W.
CLEMENT, Nicolas, a French historical writer, and one of the librarians of the royal library, was born in 1651, and died in 1716. He prepared a work entitled "Memoirs and Secret Negotiations of France concerning the Peace of Munich," &c., which was published at Amsterdam in 1716. He formed an immense collection of prints (18,000 in number), which he bequeathed to the Bibliothéque Royale.—J. T.
CLEMENT, Pierre, born in 1707; died in 1767; was the author of a number of plays, both tragic and comic, written in French. He was originally a protestant clergyman in Geneva, but having removed to Paris, and devoted himself to theatrical compositions, was required by the consistory of Geneva, in 1740, to renounce his clerical title.
CLEMENT, Titus Flavius, one of the most distinguished teachers belonging to the catechetical school of Alexandria. He was descended from a heathen family which resided either at Athens or Alexandria; probably the former. Little is known of the events of his life. Gifted with an inquiring mind, he studied the writings of poets and philosophers in search of truth, but remained unsatisfied. In mature years he discovered in christianity what he had long been seeking, and embraced it cordially as the highest philosophy. What the stores of classical antiquity had failed to supply, he found in the scriptures as interpreted by Pantænus, head of the Alexandrian school. After assisting his preceptor in the management of the school, he became his successor, and laboured there with success about 190-202, till the tenth year of Severus, when persecution obliged him to leave the place. He filled the office of catechist and presbyter with distinguished ability. It is impossible to trace his movements after leaving Alexandria. Probably he repaired first to his disciple Alexander, then bishop of Cappadocia. He was in Palestine and Syria under Caracalla, as is inferred from a letter of Alexander, then bishop of Jerusalem, recommending him to the church at Antioch as a virtuous and godly minister. Some suppose that he returned to Alexandria before 211, and succeeded his preceptor at that time as master of the school; but for this the evidence is slight. His death took place between 211 and 218. The principal works of Clemens Alexandrinus are, Λόγος προτρεπτικὸς πρὸς Ἕλληνας, or Cohortatio ad Græcos, Hortatory discourse to the Greeks; Παιδαγωγὸς, Pædagogus, Pedagogue; Στρωματεῖς, Miscellanies. These three are properly parts of one work, in which are traced the successive steps of conversion, discipline, and free insight. The best edition of Clement's works is that of Potter, in 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715. The materials for his biography are in Eusebius, Jerome, and Photius.—(See Le Nourry in Sprenger's Thesaurus Patrum, tom. iii., p. 718; Von Cölln's article in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopædia, vol. xviii.; Neander's Church History; Bishop Kaye's Account of the writings and
