seems uncertain. The author accompanied James to London in 1603, and in 1604 was appointed one of the Scotch commissioners for the purpose of effecting a union between the two kingdoms. His last production was a treatise "De Hominio," written after his return from London, to confute the doctrine that the crown of Scotland owed homage to that of England. A translation was printed in 1695. Craig's death took place in 1608.—(Tytler's Life of Sir Thomas Craig.)—J. D. W.
CRAIK, George Lillie, LL.D., professor of English literature in Queen's college, Belfast; born 18th April, 1798, at Kennoway, Fifeshire. Dr. Craik was the eldest son of the Rev. William Craik, schoolmaster of the parish now named—a man of ripe scholarship and the purest life, to whose care and christian example may unquestionably be traced much of the honourable success that attended the career of his sons. Dr. Craik possessed indeed every good quality that could contribute to the success and sustain the position of the true literary man—an industry that rarely flagged, great good sense, extensive acquirements joined with singular ability, and an uprightness and feeling of the dignity of his calling that preserved him, during the whole period of his career, free from the shadow of impeachment or of stain. After passing through the complete curriculum, both philosophical and theological, at the university of St. Andrews, he engaged in various literary occupations in his own country; but he fortunately removed to London in 1827, and resided there until 1850, in which year he was appointed by the British government to the chair he so worthily filled. Putting altogether out of view his multitude of contributions to the best periodicals of our time—our monthlies and quarterly reviews—Dr. Craik's distinct and positive works, produced chiefly during his residence in the metropolis, do indeed testify to his indefatigable industry. The titles of some of them are these—"Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties;" "The New Zealanders;" "Paris and its Historical Scenes;" "English Causes Celebres;" "Sketches of the History of Literature and Learning in England;" "Spenser and his Poetry;" "Bacon, his Writings and his Philosophy;" "History of British Commerce;" "Romance of the Peerage;" "Outlines of the History of the English Language;" "The English of Shakspeare," &c., &c. He had much to do also with Mr. Knight's Pictorial History of England. Dr. Craik joined a powerful intellect to a susceptible imagination; hence one especial charm of his writings, and also the fact that they are characterized by exact method. It is no paradox, that without imagination, or the true fusing power, there can be no real method.—It must not be omitted, that to a pamphlet privately printed by Dr. Craik in 1846, we owe the first distinct recommendation of the method of stimulating national education since acted on by the privy council—a mode which, judging from the turn that affairs have taken year by year when the subject has been under the consideration of parliament, seems the only one in which the state can at present act, so that it avoid the checkmate of religious sects and differences. Dr. Craik will certainly be esteemed hereafter as one of the most estimable and useful literary labourers of this our time, prolific as it has been of writers in the various departments of science and literature. He died on the 2nd of July, 1866.
CRAMER, Andreas Wilhelm, was born in Copenhagen on the 24th of December, 1760. A man of great erudition and unwearied industry, and one of the greatest contributors to the literature of Denmark in his times. He was brought up to the profession of law, and filled the chair of that science in the university of Kiel, of which he was also principal librarian. He died on 20th of January, 1833.—J. F. W.
CRAMER, Gabriel, a Swiss mathematician, was born at Geneva in 1704, and died in 1752. The circumstance of his competing for the chair of philosophy at the age of twenty brought him into notice, and introduced him to the favour of Jean and Nicolas Bernouilli. He became professor in 1750. In the same year appeared his "Introduction à l'analyse des lignes courbes algébriques.—R. M., A.
CRAMER, Johann Andreas, a distinguished German poet, was born at Jöhstadt, Saxony, 29th January, 1723, and devoted himself to the study of theology at Leipzig, where at the same time he entered upon a literary career by contributing to the Bremische Beiträge. In 1750 he was chosen oberhof-prediger at Auedlinburg, and four years after, on the recommendation of Klopstock, was called to Copenhagen in the same capacity. The fall of Struense, however, induced him to accept a high ecclesiastical office at Lübeck in 1771. Here he remained but a few years; for in 1774 he was translated to the first chair of theology at Kiel, where he died on the 12th of June, 1788. Among his poetical works his Odes and his Paraphrases of the Psalms, Leipzig, 1755, 4 vols., rank highest. Besides these he published the Nordische Aufseher, a monthly magazine, Copenhagen, 1758-59; translated Bossuet's History of the World, Leipzig, 1757-86, 7 vols.; and wrote a valuable biography of Gellert in 1774.—K. E.
CRAMPTON, Sir Philip, Bart., F.R.S., born in Dublin on the 7th of June, 1777. Mr. Crampton entered the army as assistant-surgeon, and saw active service in the field during the Irish rebellion of 1798. In the autumn of the same year he was elected one of the surgeons to the Meath hospital, an office which he held for nearly sixty years. In 1800 Mr. Crampton took the degree of doctor of medicine in the university of Glasgow. In 1804 he published his essay, "On the Entropeon, or Inversion of the Eyelids," and soon after, in conjunction with the late Peter Harkan, established the first private school of anatomy and surgery in the city of Dublin. In 1813 he published in the Annals of Philosophy, the description of an organ by which the eyes of birds are accommodated to the different distances of objects; which paper he illustrated with a plate representing the eye of the ostrich, so prepared as to exhibit the muscle of the cornea in its whole extent. This muscle has been called Musculus cramptonianus, "der Cramptonsche muskel," of the Germans, and for its discovery Mr. Crampton was honoured with the fellowship of the Royal Society. About the same time he received the appointment of surgeon-general to the forces, an office which was abolished in 1833. Early in the reign of George IV., Mr. Crampton was appointed surgeon-in-ordinary to the king in Ireland, and in 1839 he was raised by Queen Victoria to the dignity of a baronet of the United Kingdom. Sir Philip Crampton was always an ardent cultivator of zoological science, and took an active part in the formation of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland, of which he was repeatedly president. He also on three or four occasions filled the office of president of the Royal College of Surgeons. He was a member of the senates of the University of London, and Queen's University in Ireland; of the Royal Irish Academy; of the Société de Chirurgie of Paris; of Guy's Hospital Surgical Society, &c. In addition to the essays already mentioned, Sir Philip contributed numerous papers to the medical periodicals of the day. Sir Philip originally endowed with great talent, and possessed of extreme activity both of mind and body, loved his profession ardently, and devoted his spare moments to its advancement. In private life he was remarkable for the amenity of his manners, and for the brilliancy of his conversational powers. He died at his house in Merrion Square, Dublin, on the 10th of June, 1858, aged eighty-one years and three days, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his elder son, his excellency Sir John Fiénnes Crampton, K.C.B., envoy-extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary from her ritannic majesty to the court at St. Petersburg.—W. D. M.
CRANACH, Lucas. See Kranach.
CRANMER, Thomas, the first protestant archbishop of Canterbury, was descended of an ancient and respectable family and was born July 2, 1489, at Aslacton in Nottinghamshire. In 1503 he was sent to Jesus college, Cambridge, where he was elected to a fellowship in 1510, and applied himself with great industry to the acquisition of Greek, Hebrew, and theology. Before he had reached his twenty-third year he married, and having, in consequence, forfeited his fellowship, he was employed as a lecturer in Buckingham (now Magdalen) college. His wife, however, died in about a year after his marriage, and he was immediately restored to the fellowship which he had vacated. He took his degree of D.D. in 1523, and was appointed lecturer on theology by Jesus college. In 1528, while the sweating sickness was raging in Cambridge, Cranmer retired to Waltham Abbey, where he was occupied with the instruction of two pupils, the sons of a gentleman named Cressy. This was the turning-point of his fortunes. Henry VIII., who was then earnestly pressing his divorce from Queen Catherine, had at this time made an excursion to the neighbourhood of Waltham, and Gardiner and Fox, afterwards bishops of Winchester and Hereford, were in attendance upon the king, and accidentally meeting Cranmer at Mr. Cressy's table, began to discuss with him the absorbing question of the divorce. Cranmer suggested the propriety of "trying the question out of the word of God," a course
