participation in that shameful crime. He attacked Nestorius, patriarch of Constantinople, as a heretic, and continued to persecute that eminent prelate with great rancour till his death. He drew up two works to prove his accusations against Nestorius, and sent an account of them to Celestine, bishop of Rome. Cyrill and Nestorius attended a general council at Ephesus in 431, at which their disputes were to be settled. Cyrill opened the synod with about two hundred bishops; though the imperial commissioners and Nestorius requested that the proceedings might be delayed till the arrival of John, bishop of Antioch, and the other Syrian bishops. Nestorius, who would not be present till all the bishops had arrived, was condemned as a heretic. A few days after, John of Antioch, accompanied by about thirty bishops, arrived at Ephesus; and justly thinking the council to have been an illegal one, proceeded to hold another. John presided, and sentence of deposition was passed upon Cyrill. The court of Constantinople, however, were at length gained over to the Cyrillian party; Nestorius was obliged to leave the city and go into a cloister at Antioch, while the sentence of deposition was taken off Cyrill. He enjoyed repose for four years, till his enemies, unceasing in their persecution, had him sent into exile in 435. The deposition of Nestorius caused a breach between the Eastern and Western churches, which was not completely repaired when Cyrill died in 444. His life has been written by Renaudot, Cave, Oudin, Schrœckh, Rössler, and others. The best edition of his works is that of Aubert, Paris, 1638, in seven vols. folio.—S. D.
CYRILLUS, Cyrill of Jerusalem, is supposed to have been born at Jerusalem about the year 315. He was ordained deacon by Macarius, about 335, and presbyter by Maximus, on whose death he was elevated to the episcopal chair in 351, in the reign of Constantius. The Arian controversy was then agitating the church; and Cyrillus having been repeatedly cited as a heretic before the ecclesiastical courts, without answering the citations, was deposed. On an appeal to a larger synodical assembly, however, held at Seleucia, he was restored to his bishopric. The vicissitudes of the bishop's existence did not terminate with this event. He was twice afterwards deposed, and twice restored. Cyrill was present at the council of Constantinople held in the year 381; and he may have attended that of 383. At the former council he finally separated from the Eusebian party, to which he had all along adhered, and adopted fully the Nicene doctrine. His death took place in March, 386. His extant works consist of twenty-three catechetical pieces (καταχήσεις)—discourses preached in the church of the resurrection at Jerusalem.—S. D.
CYRNŒUS, Pietro, a Corsican historian, born at Algeria in Corsica, in 1474. According to Muratori ,who has preserved his principal work, "De Rebus Corsicis libri IV.," in the De Antiquitatibus Italiæ, Cyrnœus was poor, and obliged to support himself by such humble labours as those of a teacher and corrector of the press. His annals of Corsica bring down the history of the island to the year 1506.—A. C. M.
CYRUS, surnamed the Great, was the son of Cambyses, prince of Persia, and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, king of Media. The accounts of his early life, as given by the Creek historians, are of the most various and contradictory character. According to Herodotus, Astyages determined, in consequence of a dream which foreshadowed the future greatness of Cyrus, and his establishment on the throne of Media by the expulsion of his grandfather, to have him destroyed in infancy; but the child was saved by the wife of a shepherd, in whose family he lived till accident discovered him to Astyages, and brought about his restoration to his parents. The Persians were at this time a rude and warlike people, inhabiting a rugged and mountainous country. In this respect they presented a striking contrast to their neighbours the Medes, who, long accustomed to habits of luxury, had grown feeble and effeminate in the extreme. Cyrus, to revenge himself on Astyages for the wrongs he had suffered in childhood, encouraged his countrymen to take arms against the Medes; and, assuming the command of the army, overran all Media, possessed himself of his grandfather's throne, and established the empire of the Persians over the whole of Upper Asia, about 559 b.c. His increasing power rendered him an object of jealousy to all the neighbouring sovereigns. The first of these who declared open war against him was Crœsus, king of Lydia, who took the field with a large army, but was defeated in battle, and ultimately compelled to become subject to the Persians by the capture of Sardis, 546 b.c. The two great kingdoms of Media and Lydia were now in the hands of the victor; and after sending part of his army, under a lieutenant, to subdue the Greek colonies on the coast, and the other parts of Asia Minor, he resolved to command in person an expedition against Babylon. He obtained possession of that city in 538 b.c., by the stratagem of diverting the course of the river Euphrates, and causing his troops to march into it along the channel of the river. He continued to reside at Babylon, extending his conquests in every direction, till his empire reached from the Mediterranean sea on the west to the Indus on the east, and from the Caspian sea to the Indian ocean. He was killed, according to the most credible accounts, in an engagement with a Scythian tribe in 529 b.c.—W. M.
CYRUS, called the Younger, to distinguish him from Cyrus the Great, was the son of Darius Nothus and Parysatis. He was sent by his father, at the early age of sixteen, to the Peloponnesian war, invested with several satrapies, and with the military command of all the forces assembled at Castolus. On his father's death in 404 b.c., he was charged with designs against the life of his brother Artaxerxes, who had succeeded to the throne, and would have been put to death, but for the intercession of their mother. Inflamed with revenge, he conspired to dethrone his brother, and took the field against him with an army of thirteen thousand Greeks, and one hundred thousand barbarians. The destination and object of the expedition were known only to himself and his general, Clearchus, and were disguised under manifold pretexts, till at length it reached Babylonia. Artaxerxes met him with nine hundred thousand men near Cunaxa; a protracted and bloody battle ensued; the troops of Cyrus were victorious, but he himself fell the victim of his own rashness; and the Greeks retraced their steps homeward, a journey of upwards of six hundred leagues, surrounded on every side by a powerful enemy. This was the famous retreat of the ten thousand, recorded by Xenophon in his Anabasis.—W. M.
* CZUCZOR, Gregory, a Hungarian poet and philologist, born in 1800 at Andód in the county Nyitra in Hungary, became in 1824 a benedictine monk, and soon after a professor in the college of Raab. His epic verses made him a great name in Hungary, and his beautiful lyrics and love songs became still more popular. After having published a masterly translation of Cornelius Nepos and a "Life of Washington," the Hungarian Academy intrusted him with the redaction of the great Hungarian dictionary, which from that time remained the chief object of his life. His studies were, however, sadly interrupted in 1849, since, on account of a patriotic song written in 1848, he was arrested by the Austrians, and sentenced by Prince Windishgraetz to eight years of prison in fetters. By the intervention of Count Joseph Teleki he was relieved of the manacles, and allowed to continue his lexicographical researches in jail. Liberated by the Hungarian victories in May, 1849, he gave himself up to the Austrians in August, and was sent by them to the prisons of the fortress Kufstein in Tyrol, where he translated Tacitus. In 1850 Czuczor obtained his release, and is again fully occupied with the Hungarian dictionary.
