siderable skill and learning. He was ambassador from the court of Spain to Russia, Portugal, and England, and on retiring from public life, occupied himself in literary pursuits, residing at Madrid, where he died in 1794.
* ALMODOVAR, Don Ildefonso Dias de Ribera, Count of, a native of Valentia. After being for some time exiled from his native land, he returned to Spain on the death of Ferdinand VII., and became president of the Spanish Cortes, and minister at war. In 1843 he was minister of foreign affairs.
ALMOLI, Salomon, a learned rabbi of the Levant, who lived about the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century. Besides a variety of other works, he wrote a treatise on the "Interpretation of Dreams," containing the opinions of the rabbinical writers on that subject.
ALMON, John, a native of Liverpool, born in 1738. He received his education at Warrington, and having gone to sea and visited various parts of the world, at length settled in London about the year 1759. Having attached himself to the political party represented by the celebrated Wilkes, he soon rendered himself remarkable by his zeal and ability in support of their opinions. Almon was the author of a great variety of treatises of a political character, and edited in succession several periodical works. He thus obtained a high degree of influence with his party, and having become a publisher, realized a considerable fortune. Almon is said to have emigrated to America, but subsequently to have returned, and settled at his villa of Boxmoor, where he died in 1805.—F.
ALMONACID, Sebastian de, a Spanish sculptor, who lived at the end of the fifteenth and the commencement of the sixteenth century. He executed various works for the cathedrals of Toledo and Seville.
ALMONDE or ALLEMONDA, Philip van, an admiral in the navy of Holland, born at Briel in 1646. He greatly distinguished himself by his skill and intrepidity in several naval battles, under Admiral de Ruyter, with the English fleet. He accompanied the prince of Orange in his expedition to England in 1688, and after that period continued to fight side by side with the English, against the naval forces of France and Spain, rendering most important service by his well-tried valour and seamanship. He commanded the Dutch fleet in the battle of La Hogue in 1692, and took an important share in the destruction of the Spanish fleet at Vigo in 1702. Almonde may be justly considered one of the most distinguished heroes in the history of the naval enterprise of Holland. He died at his country seat of Haaswijk in 1711.—F.
ALMOR, Don Juan, a Spanish artist, who painted several pictures for the convent of the Carthusians, near Saragossa, in which he died about the end of the eighteenth century.
ALMOSNINO, Moses-Ben-Baruch, a learned rabbi, a native of Saloniki, born in 1523, whose numerous works exhibit great scholarship and research. He was one of the greatest writers of his age. He died about the end of the sixteenth century.
ALMOSNINO, Simon, son of the preceding, and an author in Hebrew.—Samuel, another rabbi of the same name, flourished in the seventeenth century, and wrote on the minor prophets.
ALMQUIST, Charles-Jonas-Louis, a Swedish writer, born in 1793. He was the author of several educational works, but is better known in Sweden by his poems and romances.
ALNANDER, Olaf-Johann, a Swedish antiquarian writer, a native of Norrkoping. He lived about the end of the seventeenth and commencement of the eighteenth century.
ALOMPRA, the founder of the reigning dynasty of Burmah, born about the year 1710. By the exercise of great talent and vigour, he rose from being the chief of a petty tribe to the possession of sovereign power, and distinguished himself not less by the wisdom of his administration, than by his valour, skill, and promptitude as a military leader. He died in 1760.—F.
ALONSO, De Mendoza, a Spanish voyager of the sixteenth century, who founded, in 1548, the town of Paz in Peru.
ALONSO, De Mercadillo, a Spanish voyager of the sixteenth century, the founder in Quito of the city of Loja or Loxa, the vicinity of which is famous for producing the celebrated febrifuge, known as Cascarilla de Loxa.
ALONSO, de los Rios, Francisco, and his son and pupil Pedro, Spanish sculptors, natives of Valladolid, flourished in the second part of the seventeenth century. They worked for the cathedral and other churches of Madrid.
ALOPA, Lorenzo d', a native of Venice, born about the middle of the fifteenth century. He carried on business as a printer in Florence, and being a man of learning, and well acquainted with the ancient languages of Greece and Rome, produced some admirable editions of the classic authors, equally distinguished for beautiful typography and accuracy of text. The last works printed by him issued from the press about the end of the century, none having appeared after 1500.—F.
ALNEWICK, Martin, an English Franciscan, who died in 1336, wrote on Lombard's "Sentences."—William, an English Franciscan of the same period, wrote on the same favourite subject, and also on natural philosophy.
ALNPEKE, Ditlieb von, a German writer. He lived at Reval towards the end of the thirteenth century. He was the author of a work called the "Chronicle of Livonia."
ALOADIN. See Aladin.
ALOIS, Gian-Francesco, an Italian poet, a native of Caserta, near Naples, who was put to death in 1564, on suspicion of having adopted some of the doctrines of the Reformation.
ALOISI, Baldassare, surnamed il Galanino, a Bolognese painter; born 1578; died 1638. He studied with his relatives, the Caracci, under whom he distinguished himself as a historical painter. In after-times, however, circumstances compelled him to attend almost exclusively to portraits.
ALO´JA, Giuseppe, a Neapolitan engraver of the eighteenth century.
ALOPÆUS, David, a younger brother of Maximilian, born at Wiborg in 1769. He was successively ambassador from the court of Russia at Stockholm and Berlin, and died in the latter city in 1831.
ALOPÆUS, Maximilian, a Russian diplomatist, born at Wiborg in Finland in 1748. He was appointed by Catherine II. minister plenipotentiary to the court of Prussia. Subsequently to the treaty of Tilsit, he visited London as envoy extraordinary at the British court. He died at Frankfort in 1822.
ALOS, Johannes, a Spanish physician, resident in the latter part of the seventeenth century at Barcelona, where he was professor of anatomy and pharmacy.
ALOYSIUS, Gonzaga, was born at Mantua in 1568. He was the son of the marquis of Castiglione, and is commemorated by the church of Rome on June 21, because, on that day, in the year 1591, he fell a victim to his zeal in visiting the sick during a pestilence at Rome.
ALPAGO, Andrea, an Italian physician, a native of Belluno, lived in the sixteenth century, and wrote several works, relating chiefly to the theory and practice of medicine.
ALPAIDE or ALPAIS, surnamed the Beautiful, the mistress of Pepin d'Héristal, mayor of the palace to Thierri II., king of France, in the eighth century. She was the mother of Charles Martel.
ALP-ARSLA´N, a renowned Eastern warrior, the nephew and successor of Toghrul, sultan of the Seljuks, was born in 1030, and came to the throne in 1063. He showed great wisdom in the choice of his ministers, having soon after his accession raised to power Nizamü-l-Mülk, who is known for his great talents as a statesman and historian. Alp-Arslán soon entered on a career of successful conquest in Asia Minor, having, after several minor achievements, conquered the Greeks in Syria, under the command of Nicephorus Botaniates. But the Emperor Romanus Diogenes having placed himself at the head of his forces, speedily turned the tide of fortune, for, marching into Cilicia, he attacked the Turks when their leader was absent, and totally defeated them. He took advantage of Alp-Arslán's continued absence to carry on his conquests till the Turks were driven beyond the Euphrates; but in 1071, Alp-Arslán opposed the emperor with an army of 40,000, and though the latter was at the head of 100,000 men, yet his authority was so broken by disputes and mutinies among his mercenaries, that he suffered a total defeat, and was himself taken prisoner. Romanus was only set at liberty on the promise of a large ransom, an annual tribute, and the restoration to liberty of all his Mohammedan captives. It does not appear that all these conditions were fulfilled, the emperor having died in the same year. Alp-Arslán was assassinated in 1072 by Berzem, a rebellious subject, who, when brought before him a prisoner, stabbed him on his throne.—J. B.
ALPEDRINHA, D. Jorge da Costa, cardinal, and archbishop of Lisbon, born at Alpedrinha, in Beira, about 1406, was of a noble family, and possessed considerable wealth. He was
