AMALAIRE or AMALARIUS SYMPHORIUS, a bishop of Treves of the time of Louis le Debonnaire, by whom he was employed to write on public worship. He left, besides these works, a series of letters and some dissertations on canon law.
AMALARIC, king of the Visigoths, elected at the death of his grandfather Theodoric in 511; married in 526 Clotilde, daughter of Clovis I., and in consequence of a quarrel with that princess, which arose out of their religious differences, was attacked in his capital of Narbonne by her brother Childebert of France, and put to death in 531.
AMALASONTE, queen of the Ostrogoths, daughter of Theodoric I., married to Eutheric, of the family of the Amales, was a widow at the death of her father in 526; and according to the testament of that illustrious prince, was proclaimed regent of the kingdom and guardian of her son Athalaric, then ten years of age. Accomplished in classic literature, and a zealous patron of learning, she surrounded the young prince with instructors the most eminent in art and science, and hoped through these to instil into his mind a reverence for what remained of Roman civilization in Italy, and a distaste for the barbarous manners of his ancestors. She was doomed to disappointment. Athalaric lent an ear to other counsellors than those of his mother's choice, abandoned himself to a course of debauchery, and became a ringleader of sedition. After his death, which happened in 534, Amalasonte, having espoused her cousin Theodat, incurred the resentment of Theodora, wife of Justinian, who incited Theodat to attempt the dethronement of his spouse. A conspiracy was formed, of which Theodat assumed the direction, and, in 535, Amalasonte was barbarously strangled.—J. S., G.
AMALEK, grandson of Esau, by some supposed to have been the father of the Amalekites.
AMALIE, Elizabeth, a landgravine of Hesse Cassel, rewarded at the close of the Thirty-Years' War for her devotion to the protestant party, by a gift of lands and money. Died 1651.
AMALIE, Catherine, a German poetess, daughter of the count of Waldek. Born in 1640; died in 1696.
AMALIE, Anne, a Prussian princess, sister of Frederick the Great, evinced her passionate love of music by the composition of an oratorio, in which she displayed a remarkable knowledge of counterpoint. Died in 1787.
AMALIE, duchess of Saxe-Weimar, born in 1739, administered the affairs of the duchy from the death of her husband in 1758 till 1775, when she resigned her authority into the hands of her eldest son. Her court was the resort of Herder, Goethe, Wieland, and Schiller. Died in 1807.
AMALRIC, Arnaud, a churchman who holds a prominent place in the annals of the crusade against the Albigeois in the thirteenth century. He belonged to the Cistercian order of monks, and, in 1201, was made abbot of Citeaux in Burgundy, and, therefore, head of the order. He was associated with Pierre de Castelnau as papal legate in the south of France, on a mission having for its object the extirpation of heresy among the Albigenses. They tried the force of preaching and argument, but with no success; and when in 1208 his colleague was assassinated by one of the retainers of Raymond VI. of Toulouse, Arnaud became a zealous preacher and leader of the crusade against Raymond and the heretics. In his cruelties and excesses he was supported by Simon de Montfort. It is said that he was present at the battle fought by the kings of Castile, Aragon, and Navarre against the Moors in 1212, at the Sierra Morena and on his return was appointed archbishop of Narbonne. His last public appearance was at the council of Montpelier in 1224, over which he presided, when the complaints of the persecuted Albigenses were heard. He died in the following year.—J. B.
AMALRICH of Bona (Bène), condemned as a heretic by the university of Paris, in 1204. He advocated a species of pantheism, and dealt in spiritualistic interpretations. His bones were dug up and burned in 1209, though he had recanted before his death. Many of his followers, "brethren of the free spirit," suffered martyrdom.—(Mosheim, thirteenth century.)—J. E
AMALRIC, Ungier d', an ecclesiastic of the 14th century, author of a history of the popes, dedicated to Urban V.
AMALTEO, Pomponio, an Italian painter of considerable merit, born at San Vito in Friuli in 1505.; died about 1588. He was a pupil of Pordanone, and excelled for a correctness of design and brilliancy of colouring unfortunately missing in the works of his last years. His two sons Gerolamo and Antonio, but especially his daughter Quintilia, were his successful pupils. This last was very clever in portraits, and also executed several works of sculpture.—R. M.
AMALTHEUS or AMALTEO, an Italian family of litterateurs, settled at Pordanone and afterwards Oderzo:—
Francis, flourished at the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century. He taught belles-lettres in several towns of northern Italy, and wrote elegant Latin verse.
Paul, brother of the preceding, taught belles-lettres at Pordanone. His Latin poems were printed with the "Asturias," of Riccardo Bartolini. Died in 1517.
Mark Anthony, another brother, left in MS. some Latin epistles descriptive of his numerous journeys. Died in 1558.
Jerome, eldest son of Francis, graduated at Padua, taught medicine and philosophy in that city, and afterwards settled as a practitioner at Oderzo. Died in 1574.
John Baptist, brother of the preceding, studied at Padua, became secretary to the cardinal of Milan, and afterwards to Pope Pius IV., famous for his Latin poems. Died in 1573.
Corneille, another brother, died in 1603. He wrote a poem, printed at Venice in 1572, with the title of "Proteus."
Octavius, son of Jerome, physician, philosopher, and poet. Died in 1626.
Attilius, brother of the preceding, enjoyed the confidence of Popes Gregory XIII. and Clement V., who employed him on several important missions. Died at Rome in 1633.—J. S., G.
AMAMA, Sixtin, a Dutch theologian, born at Franeker in 1593, was appointed to the chair of oriental languages in the university of that town in 1618, and attained considerable repute as a scholar by the publication of a number of works, chiefly controversial. Died in 1629.
AMAMA, a Danish painter and engraver, of the 17th century.
AMAND, James, a French engraver, died at Paris in 1730.
AMAND, a French surgeon, distinguished in obstetrical practice, and author of a work, entitled "Nouvelles Observations sur la Pratique des Accouchements;" died in 1720.
AMANDUS, Æneas Sylvius, a Roman general, who, along with Ælianus, about the year 287, headed a revolt of the provinces between the Rhone and the Loire, and after a short period of triumph, in which he and his compeer aped the majesty of Roman emperors, was beheaded by Maximin.
AMANDUS, the Apostle of Belgium, born at the end of the sixth century, bishop of Maestricht, a noted preacher and worker of miracles; died about 661 in the cloister of Elnon.
AMANIEU, Des Escas, an Aragonese troubadour of the latter half of the thirteenth century. His productions, which consist of two poetical epistles, are without value, except as records of some of the manners and customs of the time.
AMANTHON, Claude Nicolas, a French publicist, born at Villers-les-Ports in 1760; while actively engaged in the duties of various public offices, contributed numerous articles to newspapers and journals, and produced eighteen lengthy dissertations, chiefly archæological and biographical. Died in 1835.
AMAR, J. B. Andre, a French advocate, born at Grenoble in 1750; arrived at Paris in 1792 as deputy to the National Convention from the department of Isere. He was distinguished throughout the Revolution as a tyrant of the most suspicious and bloodthirsty temper. He was a member of the committee of Public Safety, and in 1794 president of the National Convention. Died in 1816.—J. S., G.
AMAR DURIVIER, John Augustine, a French litterateur, born at Paris in 1765; superintended an educational establishment at Lyons, and was afterwards named keeper of the Bibliothèque Mazarine at Paris. The publications of this writer are chiefly compilations for educational purposes. Died in 1802.
AMARA, Sinha, a famous Hindoo poet and grammarian, flourished about the year 50 b.c. He left a great number of works, which, with the exception of his "Amara-Kosha," a Sanscrit grammar and vocabulary, were destroyed by the Brahmins in the fifth century. "Amara-Kosha" was published in 1808 at Calcutta, with an English translation. It is a curious and most valuable work.—J. S., G.
AMARAL, Andres do, a Portuguese chancellor of the order of St. John of Jerusalem; executed during the siege of Rhodes in 1522, for a treasonous correspondence with Sultan Soliman.
AMARAL, Antonio Cætano do, a Portuguese writer, born at Lisbon in 1747, published a voluminous account of Lusitanian customs, "Memorias Sobre a forma do governo l costumes dos povos qae habitarao o turreno Lusitano." Died in 1819.
