of volunteers, formed from amongst the students of Coimbra. After the expulsion of the enemy he returned to his scientific pursuits, and in 1812 was elected secretary to the academy of Lisbon. In 1819, however, he quitted Portugal and returned to his native country, where he soon took an important part in public affairs. The Portuguese government having issued orders to cancel the constitution of Brazil, and to recall Dom Pedro the regent, a junto was formed at San Paolo for the purpose of resistance. Andrada presented a remonstrance on their behalf to the regent, which, backed by the energetic demonstrations of the inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro and of Minas, proved successful. The independence of Brazil was finally proclaimed in 1822. After holding the office of minister of foreign affairs, he was banished to France, where he amused himself with poetry. In 1829 he was recalled, became reconciled to the Emperor Pedro, and spent the rest of his days in peaceful retirement. He died at Nictheroy in 1838.—J. W. S.
ANDRAGATHIUS, a Roman general, who served in Gaul under the Emperor Maximus, a.d. 383.
* ANDRAL, Gabriel, an eminent French physician, was born at Paris in 1797. He rose to distinction at an early age, and in 1839 he succeeded Broussais as professor of pathology to the medical faculty at Paris. He has published several works on morbid anatomy, auscultation, &c., and some important researches on the chemistry of the blood, in conjunction with J. Louis Gavarret, author of "General Principles of Medical Statistics."—W. B.
ANDRASSY, a noble family of Hungary, two members of which, Julius and Mano, served with distinction in the national armies in 1848.
ANDRE´ l'Abbė, a theological author of Marseilles, and librarian to the chancellor D'Aguesseau, lived in the latter part of the last century.
ANDRE´ d'Arbelles, a political writer of France, born in 1770; also known as A. de Montluel. Died in 1825.
ANDRE´, Charles, a barber of Paris, to whom the authorship of Dampierre's tragedy on the earthquake of Lisbon has been falsely ascribed.
ANDRE´, Christian Karl, an educational writer of Germany, was born in 1763 at Hildburgshausen, conducted several schools in Schnepfenthal, Gotha, and Bruenn, and died at Stuttgard in 1831.
ANDRE´, Du Bois or Sylvius, lived near Arras in the twelfth century, and wrote a chronicle of the kings of France.
ANDRE´, Emil, a German arboriculturist, born at Schnepfenthal in 1790, wrote on the management of forests.
ANDRE´, François, or SAINT ANDRE´, a French medical writer who lived at the close of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, and became physician to Louis XIV.
ANDRE´, Hélie, a grammarian of Bourdeaux, who lived in the 16th century, and published a translation of the odes of Anacreon.
ANDRE´, Johann, an accomplished musician, and the founder of the eminent firm of music-publishers in Offenbach, at which city he was born in 1741. His family had an extensive silk factory in this place, and designing that he should follow the same trade, they discouraged his early predilection for music. When he was twelve years old, a young friend of his who went periodically to Frankfort to take lessons on the violin, repeated these to André on his return. He had not even this poor advantage in his study of the harpsichord and of composition, in which he was left entirely to his own resources. In 1700, during a visit to Frankfort, he was so charmed by the performances of the Italian and French opera companies he heard there, that, having had already some practice in vocal writing, he composed an opera, which was produced with such success, that it was very shortly followed by another; and this being equally fortunate, he was invited to Berlin, where he not only reproduced these, but also wrote several more. Here he pursued his theoretical studies under the celebrated Marpurg. Besides being a successful composer, he is spoken of as a good pianist. He is said to have been an ultimate friend of Mozart, but I can find no mention of him in any biography of this master to which I have access, and his fifteen years' greater age, and his habitual residence in different parts of Germany from those where Mozart chiefly lived, renders the close intimacy of these two somewhat doubtful. He had three sons, the youngest of whom, Anton, succeeded him in the music warehouse of Offenbach. He died in 1799.—G. A. M.
ANDRE´, J. Anton, youngest son of Johann André, and his successor in the music warehouse in Offenbach, was born in 1775. He evinced very early a great talent for composition, as is proved by his first publication, a "Set of Six Minuets for Full Orchestra," which appeared when he was but thirteen years of age. He wrote very voluminously, and his music is of an earnest and genuinely artistic character, displaying contrapuntal fluency, and a command of technical resources that exceed the originality and power of invention it evinces, but never devoid of grace, if sometimes deficient in freshness. An admirable specimen of his ability is his Mass in E flat; but the most popular of all his works appears to be his setting of the whole of Bürger's wonderfully suggestive and characteristic ballad of Lenore, I believe for a single voice, which is a general favourite throughout Germany, His "School of Composition," in four volumes, is a work very greatly esteemed. He held the appointment of kapellmeister to the grand-duke of Hesse. In 1802 he invented, or at least was the first to make use of, a method of musical lithography, which, at the time, had great success. He is most generally known for his publication of many posthumous works of Mozart, which he obtained by purchase from Herr von Nissen, the second husband of the composer's widow. The musical skill of André is a valuable guarantee to the world of the authenticity of these publications, since all are willing to receive, on the authority of such an artist, what many might have been disposed to question on the mere dictum of a tradesman; but we owe no less to his enterprising spirit in this latter capacity, than to his judgment in the former, the possession of many most interesting relics of the great master. He died in the year 1842.—G. A. M.
ANDRE´, John, an English military officer, was born in London in 1751. He was at first destined for commercial pursuits, but soon gave up this view and joined the army. In 1775 he was taken prisoner at the surrender of St. John's in America. On his release, he rapidly rose to the post of adjutant-general to Sir H. Clinton, who then commanded the British forces. The American general, Arnold, being disgusted with his associates, wished to go over to the Royalist party, and to betray the forts and stores in his hands to the British. André was appointed by Clinton to make the necessary arrangements with Arnold, and for that purpose visited the American camp in disguise. On his return, while already within sight of the British lines, he was seized by three Americans, and his presence of mind for a moment forsaking him, he neglected to produce the safe-conduct furnished him by Arnold. Their suspicions were roused, the unfortunate officer was searched, and the plans and despatches concealed about his person being found, he was sent as a prisoner to the American head-quarters. A council of war sentenced him to be hanged as a spy, which was accordingly done on the 2nd of October, 1780, at Tappan, in the State of New York. His fate, though in accordance with the haws of war, excited the sympathy even of the Americans. In addition to the military talents which had won for him so early promotion, this young officer possessed considerable merit as an artist.—J. W. S.
ANDRE´ of Longjumeau, a Dominican monk, who lived in the 13th century, and who was sent by Louis IX. of France on a diplomatic mission to the khan of the Tartars.
ANDRE´, Rudolph, an agriculturist of Gotha in Germany, who was born in 1792, turned his attention to the improvement of the breed of sheep, and died in 1825.
ANDRE´ de Saint Nicolas, a Carmelite monk of Lorraine, born in 1650.
ANDRE´, Yves Marie, born at Chateaulin in Brittany, 22nd May, 1675; died 26th February, 1764. The life, character, and writings of André are sufficiently remarkable to secure him a permanent place in the history of religion, literature, and philosophy in France. His chief works have been published recently, with an introduction by Cousin, in the Librarie of Charpentier. Endowed with a spirit eminently religious, his earlier predilections were towards the church, and he resolved to enter the powerful "Society of Jesus." Disregarding the warnings of his friends and relatives, who discovered an utter incompatibility between the moral independence of the young André and the stern ordinances of the jesuits, he followed the dictate of inclination, and so prepared the way for conflicts and misery during the greater part of his life. In an hour evil for his temporary peace, he learned wisdom from Descartes, and nourished a personal attraction towards Malebranche which no
