cipating with his sister in successive plots, he was confined in the Bastile about the end of 1604. In 1616 he was released, restored to his military rank, and entrusted with the command of an army. In 1617 he commanded the forces besieging Soissons. In 1620, a royal decree confirmed his right to the duchy of Angouleme, bequeathed to him by the late Duchess Diane. As joint ambassador to the princes of Germany, he contributed to the treaty of Ulm, signed 3rd July, 1620. In 1627 he conducted the siege of Rochelle. In 1635, he was joint-commander of the French army in Lorraine. After the death of Louis XIII., and of Cardinal Richelieu in 1643, he retired from the public service. He was a man of great capacity, activity, and eloquence, but utterly unprincipled. His published works are:—1. "Mémoires;" 2. "Speeches delivered in the Assembly of Protestant Princes in Germany;" 3. "Narrative of events in the Isle of Ré:" 4. "Translation of the Spanish work of Diego de Torres."—E. M.
ANGOULEME, Louis Antoine de Bourbon, Duc d', son of Count d'Artois, afterwards Charles X., and of Marie Thérèse of Savoy, was born at Versailles in 1775. With his brother, the Duke de Berri, he accompanied their father, when, in 1789, foreseeing the course of events, he left France and repaired to Turin. In 1799, he married at Mittau, his cousin, Marie Thérèse, the daughter of Louis XVI. and of Marie Antoinette of Austria. The Duke d'Angouleme, joining the Anglo-Spanish army, which crossed the Pyrenees in the beginning of 1814, addressed a proclamation to the French nation, on 11th February, and on 12th March entered Bordeaux. He commanded the French army which, in 1823, entered Spain to aid Ferdinand in suppressing the constitution, and, during his stay there, displayed considerable prudence and moderation. At Rambouillet, on the 2d August, 1830, he renounced, jointly with his father, his rights to the throne in favour of the Duke de Bordeaux, and on the 16th arrived in England with the duchess and the other members of the exiled royal family. After residing a short time in Scotland, he and his wife quitted Britain, and spent the rest of their lives in various parts of the continent. He died at Goritz in 1844. The duchess, of whom Napoleon said that she was the only member of the family that had the spirit and energy of a man, died in 1851.—E. M.
ANGOULEME, Louis Emmanuel, Duc d', second son of Charles de Valois, was born in 1596. Educated for the church, he had obtained, when only sixteen, a bishopric and two abbeys. On the death of his younger brother, he took the title of Count d'Alais, and entered the army, continuing, however, for a considerable time, to retain his church preferments. After serving with distinction in Italy and Lorraine, as well as in France during the civil wars, he was made colonel-general of the light horse, and governor of Provence. As his elder brother had become insane, he succeeded his father as Duc d'Angouleme. Died in 1653.—E. M.
ANGOULEME, Turpion, Count d', the first Count d'Angouleme, is said to have lived in the ninth century. His last male descendant died in 1218. François, Count d'Angouleme, who, in 1515, became king of France, raised Angouleme to a duchy in favour of his mother, Louise of Savoy.
ANGOULEVENT le Cadet, the assumed name of a French satirical poet, lived early in the seventeenth century.
ANGRAN D'ALLERAY, Denis-François, a French judge, famous for his benevolence and moral heroism, was born at Paris in 1715. Compelled, on one occasion, to imprison an unfortunate but honest father of a family, to enforce payment of a large debt, he paid the amount, and set the worthy man at liberty. Indicted, during the reign of terror, on the charge of having sent money to royalist emigrants, Angran d'Alleray admitted having sent various sums to his own son-in-law. "Were you not aware of the law?" said one of the jury. "I was," he replied, "but I was also aware of another law still more sacred, which bids parents aid their children." On this he was condemned to death, and led to execution, 28th April, 1794.—E. M.
ANGRIA´NI, or AIGUANI, or AYGUANI, Michele, a learned Carmelite monk, author of numerous theological works, some of which remain in MS., was born at Bologna about the middle of the fourteenth century, and died in 1400.
ANGUIER, François, one of the most distinguished French sculptors of the seventeenth century, was born at Eu in Normandy in 1604, and died in Paris in 1669. He studied in Paris under Guillain, and in Rome under Algardi. His style, although deeply impressed with all the mannerism of the age, is highly remarkable. The monument of the Duc de Montmorenci at Moulins is his masterpiece.—R. M.
ANGUIER, Michel, brother of the preceding, and a sculptor of great merit and celebrity. He also studied under Guillain and Algardi, with the last of whom he remained for ten years at Rome. On his return to Paris, he executed many works, amongst which are noted some decorations in the old Louvre, the sculptures of the arch of St. Denis, and those of the church of Val de Grace. As great a mannerist, if not more so, than his brother, his works are full of the liveliest expression. Born in 1612; died in 1686.—R. M.
ANGUILLA´RA, Giovanni Andrea dell', a poet, born at Sutri, in the papal states, about the year 1517, who translated Ovid's Metamorphoses into Italian. His habits were immoral, and rendered him the victim of successive misfortunes. The period at which he died is uncertain.
ANGUILLARA, Luigi, an Italian physician, was born at the beginning of the sixteenth century at Anguillara. He was director of the botanic garden of Padua from 1540 to 1561; but afterwards retired to Florence, where he died in October, 1570. He was an excellent linguist, and travelled through various countries of Europe. A collection of his letters on botanical subjects was published in 1561. He appears to have made learned researches into the old names of plants.—J. H. B.
ANGUILLE´SI, Giovanni Dominico, a poet and lawyer, born at Pisa in 1766, who was secretary to the Grand-duchess Elise, the sister of Napoleon. He afterwards became professor of Latin in the university of Naples, and chancellor of the university of Pisa, where he died in 1833.
ANGUI´SCIOLA or ANGUSSOLA, Sofonisba, a female portrait-painter, born at Cremona in 1535, and possessed of great skill in her art; the pictures executed by her for Philip II. of Spain, and other sovereigns, obtained the highest admiration, and raised her reputation beyond that of most of her contemporaries. She was honoured with the friendship of many illustrious persons of her time, and died at an advanced age about the year 1620. Her three sisters, Lucia, Europa, and Anna-Maria were also remarkable for their skill in painting.—F.
ANGUS, latinised ÆNEAS or ÆNGUS, an Irish monk, remarkable for his piety and learning, who lived about the close of the seventh century. He became abbot of the monastery of Cluainenach in Leinster, and is said to have been a bishop. He wrote many works; amongst them, a Martyrology in verse, and also one in prose; a metrical history of the Old Testament; and "De Sanctis Hiberniæ," in five books. He died between 824 and 830, and obtained the title of Ceil-de (Colideus) from his great piety.—(Colgan.)—J. F. W.
ANHALT, one of the most ancient and illustrious Saxon dynasties of Northern Germany, now divided into several branches, the chiefs of which have the rank of dukes, and are sovereign members of the Germanic confederation. The house of Anhalt is descended from Bernard, youngest son of Albert, surnamed the Bear, Marquis of Brandenburg in 1142, whose immediate representatives ruled over the greater part of Northern Germany in the middle ages, being invested with the duchy of Saxony and the marquisate of Brandenburg. We notice—
Anhalt Bernburg, Christian I., Prince of, was born in 1568, and in 1606 succeeded his father, Joachim-Ernst, obtaining for his share of the patrimonial dominions Bernburg, Ballenstädt, Hartzgerode, and the temporalities of the abbey of Gernrode. Before he became of age, he visited Constantinople, France, Italy, and Denmark, and in 1591 led into France an army of twenty thousand men, which the German princes had raised to aid Henry IV. in the war of the League. In 1619 he aided Prince Moritz of Orange at the siege of Jülich, and having been appointed by Frederick V., king of Bohemia, to command his forces, gained some important advantages over the imperial generals Bucquoi and Dampierre. In 1620, however, he was defeated by Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, in the battle of Prague. In the following year he was put under the ban of the empire, but was released in 1623, after which he led a retired life in his dominions, and died in 1630.
Anhalt Bernburg, Christian II., Duke of, son of the preceding, was born in 1599. He studied the art of war under the celebrated Charles Emmanuel, duke of Savoy. At the battle of Prague, in which his father commanded the troops of Frederick V. of Bohemia, he led two divisions of the army.
