he possesses deep feeling, considerable humour, and great power of observation. His "Sämmtliche Werke" were edited at Berlin in 1839-46, in 19 vols., by W. Grimm.—A. M.
ARNISAEUS, Henningus, a German physician, born towards 1580, at a village near Halberstadt; taught moral philosophy at Frankfort-on-the-Oder; was afterwards appointed to one of the medical chairs in the university of Helmstadt, and at the time of his death in 1636, held the office of physician to Christian IV. of Denmark. He has left numerous works on metaphysical, political, and medical subjects, of which the following are the principal:—1. "De Jure Majestatis," 1610; 2. "Disputatio de Lue Venerea Cognoscenda et Curanda," 1610; 3. "De Jure Connubiorum," 1613; 4. "De Subjectione et Exemptione Clericorum," 1614; 5. "Disquisitiones de Partus Humani Legitimis Terminis," 1614.—J. S., G.
ARNKIEL, Friederich, a German historical writer, burgomaster of Apenrade about the middle of the last century. He is author of "Rettung des ersten Nordischen Christenthums," (Rescue of the earliest Northern Christianity), Glückstadt, 1712.
ARNKIEL, Trogillus, a Lutheran divine, studied at various universities, and became ultimately general superintendent of Holstein in 1689. He published a number of small theological treatises. Died in 1713.
ARNO, tenth bishop and first archbishop of Salzburg, in Germany, was originally attached to the court of Thassilo, duke of Bavaria, by whom he was sent as ambassador to Charlemagne in 787. After the annexation of Bavaria to the Frankish empire in 792, Arno received from Charlemagne the archbishopric of Salzburg. Died in 821.—J. S., G.
ARNO, a German theologian, prior of Reichensberg, in Bavaria, from 1169 till 1175, is the author of,—1. "Scutum Canonicorum Regularium," published in the "Miscellanea" of Raymundus Duellius, 1723; 2. "De Eucharistia," a controversial work, in which he was assisted by his brother Gerhohus.
ARNOBIUS the Elder, or Afer, was a teacher of rhetoric at Sicca in Numidia, during the reign of Diocletian. Our chief account of him is from the works of Jerome. For some time Arnobius vehemently opposed the Christian faith, but was led from an impression made upon him in a dream to seek for baptism. The bishop to whom he applied doubted the sincerity of his profession, when Arnobius, to prove the genuineness of his conversion, wrote his celebrated work in seven books against the pagans. His knowledge of the Bible seems to have been limited to the books of the New Testament, and his work is rather that of a philosophical heathen, who was thoroughly dissatisfied with his old form of religion, than of one who was completely instructed in the Christian faith. He thus describes the change which had been effected in him: "Not long ago I worshipped the images that came from the forge, and the gods that were made on the anvil and by the hammer; when I saw a stone that had been polished and besmeared with oil, I addressed it as if a living power had been there. Now I know what all that is." The date at which Arnobius composed his work was about a.d. 303, In the earlier books he refutes the charges of the pagans against the Christian religion, especially the old accusation which was continually revived, that the calamities of the times were the offspring of Christianity; he points out that polytheism is irreconcilable with good sense and reason, and dwells on the demoralizing tendency of heathenism. In the latter books, Arnobius describes the superiority of the Christian faith, and contrasts its views respecting the Deity and sacrifices with those of paganism. His language respecting the nature and immortality of the soul was closely connected with the Gnostic philosophy, and did not agree with the orthodoxy of the North African church. We derive from his writings our fullest information respecting the ritual and worship of heathen antiquity, so that Arnobius has been called the Varro of ecclesiastical writers. There is a calmness and dignity in his style which raises him above his contemporaries. This superiority is clearly discernible in the works of his distinguished disciple Lactantius. It deserves to be mentioned, as an instance of the manner in which the works of one writer were assigned to another, that the first editor of Arnobius' works against the pagans, added as an eighth book the Octavius of Minutius Felix, mistaking Octavius for Octavus. Arnobius wrote also a work on rhetoric, which is lost.—W. W.
ARNOBIUS the Younger, so called to distinguish him from Arnobius Afer, was a bishop or presbyter in Gaul. Several of his works have been ascribed to the elder Arnobius. Flourished about a.d. 461. He wrote a commentary on the Psalms, in which he shows that his sentiments were semi-pelagian; and had a controversy with Serapion respecting the Trinity, the incarnation, and the consistency of grace with freewill. The anonymous work entitled "Prædestinatus," has been attributed to him on insufficient grounds, though from some passages in his commentary on the Psalms, as well as the general agreement of sentiment, there is reason to conclude that Arnobius had consulted Prædestinatus.—W. W.
ARNOLD, an archbishop and elector of Mayence, massacred by the people of that city in 1200.
ARNOLD, abbot of Lübeck, a German chronicler of the twelfth century.
ARNOLD, a leader among the Albigenses, and a companion of Pierre de Vaud, lived towards the end of the twelfth century.
ARNOLD, Andreas, a theologian of Nürnberg, who lived in the seventeenth century, and became professor of Greek literature in his native town.
ARNOLD, Benedict, an American general, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1740. He rose from an humble sphere, where he early displayed a restless disposition, having twice enlisted as a private in the British army, and as often deserted the ranks. He had, however, settled at Newhaven, and entered into an extensive business when the Revolution broke out. As soon as the stirring news of the battle of Lexington reached his ears, he set about raising a body of volunteers, placed himself at their head, and marched to Cambridge. He was there invested with a colonel's commission, and received instructions to attack the fortress of Ticonderago on Lake Champlain. Ethan Allen had set out before him on the same errand, and Arnold had to content himself with taking part in the achievement under that daring leader. After commanding for a short time a small fleet on the lake, he was, along with General Montgomery, charged with the difficult and momentous duty of leading 1100 men across the wilds to Quebec, to stir up rebellion there, and displace the British garrison. In this unsuccessful attempt Montgomery lost his life, and Arnold was severely wounded. After this we find Arnold in various important commands, but as often involved in quarrels with the Congress and his fellow-officers. It would be of little interest now to enter into his grievances in detail. He seems to have been a singularly brave, but reckless and unprincipled man. Washington valued him for his acts of daring, and would gladly have covered his faults, but the Congress and the other officers regarded him with dislike, and sought every possible means to humble and annoy him. After many disputes about the honour that was due to him for his services, we find him invested with the government of Philadelphia. There his imprudence was most marked; indeed it would be difficult to clear him from the charge of actual dishonesty. He was brought before a court-martial: four charges were urged against him; two of these were found proven, and he was sentenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief. Arnold could not bear the affront, nor endure longer the difficulties into which he had brought himself. He formed the disgraceful design of deserting to the ranks of the enemy, and put himself in communication with Sir Henry Clinton, the British commander. It was arranged that Arnold should apply for the command of the fortress of West Point, and then hand it over to the enemy. His favour with Washington readily procured him the appointment. Major André was sent by Sir Henry to negotiate with Arnold. They had an interview near West Point, when the traitor general gave the needed instructions as to how the attack should be made, and handed over the papers with the plans and measurement of the fort to André, who concealed them about his person. On his way to the British camp, the young officer fell into the hands of the Americans, and the whole plot was, of course, discovered. The news of his capture reached Arnold just in time to enable him to make his escape, and reach the British camp in safety. There he retained his rank of brigadier-general, and fought with as much daring against the cause of American independence as he had before fought against the forces of the king. We find him in an expedition against Virginia, and again in an incursion into his native state. Afterwards he did service in Nova Scotia and the West Indies, and at last settled in England, where he died in 1801.—J. B.
ARNOLD BOSTIUS, a Flemish Carmelite friar of the fifteenth
