has left, besides other works on philological subjects, an excellent edition of the "Disticha de Moribus "of Dionysius Cato; second edition, Amst. 1754.—A. M.
ARNU, Nicolas, a French theologian, born 1629; died 1692.
ARNULF, St., born near Nancy, about the year 580. He was of the Carlovingian race, and was at first connected with the court of Theodebert II. After the death of his wife he entered into orders, and became bishop of Metz in 614, but retired from the episcopal office to the monastery of St. Mort, founded by his friend St. Romaric. He had two sons by his marriage, one of whom, named Anchises, was father of Pepin de Heristal, whose son, Charles Martel, was the ancestor of one of the royal houses of France. St. Arnulf died in 640.—F.
ARNULF, St., was bishop of Soissons in the eleventh century, but vacated the charge in order to found a monastery at Aldenburg, in the diocese of Bruges, where he died in 1087.
ARNULF, king of Germany, and afterwards emperor, grandson of Louis le Germanique, was elected to the throne of Germany in 887 on the deposition of his uncle, Charles le Gros. Of an ambitious character, and gifted with remarkable military talents, he aimed at subjecting the whole Frankish monarchy, and shortly after his election, compelled Eudes and Charles le Simple, competitors for the throne of France, in acknowledge his supremacy. He then turned his attention to Italy, and, taking advantage of the struggle between Guido and Berengarius, marched an army into Lombardy. In 896 he laid siege to Rome, which was held by Guido's widow for her son, Lambert. The city was taken by storm, and Arnulf was proclaimed emperor. He died three years afterwards, and was succeeded by his son, Louis, the last of the Carovingian race in Germany.—J. S., G.
ARNULF or ERNULF, Bishop, was a French monk, born at Beauvais about a.d. 1040, and educated at Bec. He was invited to England by Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, whither he came in 1072. On Anselm succeeding Lanfranc in the primacy, Arnulf was made prior of Canterbury, and subsequently abbot of Peterborough, where he introduced several reforms. In 1115 he was made bishop of Rochester, on the translation of Bishop Ralph to Canterbury. He ruled this diocese for nine years, and is highly commended by William of Malmesbury for his zeal and assiduity as a bishop. He died in 1124, aged eighty-four. His "Textus Roffensis" was published by Thomas Hearne, Oxford, 1720. He wrote also a tract, "De incestis nuptiis," and a letter on various questions respecting the holy eucharist, which had been propounded to him by one Lambert, abbot of Munster.—J. B., O.
ARNULF. See Arnoul.
ARNWAY, John, a sufferer in the civil war, was born of a good Shropshire family in 1601, and educated at St. Edmund's hall, Oxford. He took orders, and became rector of Hodnet and Ightfield, and was much esteemed for his liberal almsdeeds. He was ejected by the parliamentary agents on account of his loyalty in raising men for the king's service, and betook himself to Oxford, where he was made D.D., and, in 1642, archdeacon of Litchfield and Coventry, on the promotion of Dr. Brownrigge to the bishopric of Exeter. He was subsequently imprisoned, but after the death of Charles he was released, when he escaped to the Hague. He afterwards accepted an invitation to Virginia, where he died in 1653 in much distress. He seems to have experienced cruel treatment from the parliament, of which he has left an account in his "Alarum to the People of England." He also wrote "The Tablet," or the Moderation of Charles I.—J. B., O.
ARODON, Benjamin d', a Jewish rabbi, who wrote in German a curious book "full of precepts for the ladies . . . filled with observations not only in regard to cleanliness of body, but likewise with respect to the practice of prayer and good works."—(Bayle.) An Italian translation by Rabbi Jacob Alpron, was published at Venice in 1652.
AROMATARI, Dorotea, a Venetian lady, living in 1660, who "produced with her needle," according to Boschini, as quoted by Lanzi, "all those beauties which the finest and most diligent artists exhibited with their pencil."—A. M.
AROMATARI, Giuseppe degli, a famous Italian physician, born at Assisi in the duchy of Spoleto about the year 1586, prosecuted his studies at Perugia, and afterwards at Padua, where he was received doctor in his eighteenth year. He immediately commenced practice, and met with the greatest success. James I. of England proposed to make him his physician, but he declined the offer, as well as similar ones from the Duke of Mantua and Pope Urban V., and remained in Venice till his death in 1660. He published only one medical work, "De Rabie Contagiosa," 1625. To that treatise he appended a letter on the reproduction of plants, "Epistola de generatione Plantarum ex Seminibus," which gave the first hint of the Linnæan theory on the subject.—J. S., G.
AROUDJI, ARUCH, AROUDS, corrupted into Horuc, Horruc, Orox, first Turkish sovereign of Algiers, was born probably of Greek parentage in 1473. In the course of an adventurous life as a pirate, in which he carried the flag, first of the sultan of Egypt and then of the bey of Tunis, he collected a considerable fleet, and in the year 1514, when the inhabitants of Algiers were in dread of an invasion of Christians, was of sufficient consequence to be appealed to for assistance. He seized the opportunity to establish himself as master of the city, put the governor to death, and had himself proclaimed sovereign. The disaffected among the citizens he massacred at a religious festival. His next enterprise was to establish his brother, Kair-ed-Din in the territory of which Tlemcen was the capital, and in this he succeeded so far as to drive out the reigning sultan; but having in 1518 irritated the Spaniards in Oran (to whom the exiled sultan had in vain appealed for assistance), by prohibiting the neighbouring tribes of Arabs from supplying them with provisions, he was besieged in Tlemcen, and perished in the defence of the city.—J. S., G.
ARPAD, the conqueror of Hungary, and founder of the Arpad dynasty, which reigned till 1301, was born in the second half of the ninth century. He was the son of Almus, whom the seven Magyar clans, dwelling in the steppes north-east to the Caspian, had elected their hereditary chief about 889, defining at the same time the rights and duties of the prince and the clans by solemn agreement. Thus united into one nation, the Magyars, mustering about 250,000 warriors, were led by Almus through Southern Russia to Kiew, where they first defeated the Kumans, auxiliaries of the Russians, and then induced them to join their expedition under Almus, with the view of re-establishing the empire of Attila and the Huns, the traditional ancestors of the Magyars. This tradition was not entirely devoid of foundation, since the Magyars, the Kumans, and, besides them, the Bulgarians, the Turks, Circassians, and Turcomans, belong to the Turanian race, and to its Turco-Tartaric branch, of which the Huns of Attila had been the most renowned conquering nation. Propitiated by rich presents from the Slavonic populations of Russia and Halitch, Almus, with his increased people, crossed the Carpathians about 893 without resistance, and resigned his leadership at Munkacs, immediately after their arrival in the country which they claimed as their heirloom. His son Arpad was here proclaimed prince of the Hungarians, who felt that the fiery energy of youth was more required for the conquest of an empire, than the cool experience of age. Hungary was at that time inhabited by Slavonians in the north, by Bulgarians and Walachians in the south and east, the southwestern portion of the country beyond the Danube owing allegiance to the German empire. This thin population was ruled by five independent chiefs, who did not choose to combine their forces against the invaders. By five successful campaigns, several lucky annexations, and a matrimonial alliance between his son Zoltan and the daughter of the Bulgarian prince, Maroth, who held the fertile country between the Szamos, the Theiss, and the Maros, Arpad within five years succeeded in extending his sway from the Northern Carpathians to the Drave and Danube, and from the Transylvanian mountains to the Styrian Alps. It was his good luck, that the power of his otherwise formidable enemies—the German empire, and the Slavonic kingdom of Moravia—was crippled at that time, the first by the minority of the last Carlovingian emperor, Louis the Child, the latter by the contest of the brothers Moimir and Sviatopluck for the Moravian crown. Having completed the conquest of Hungary, Arpad, in 899, assembled the chiefs of the nation on the plain of Szer, near Szegedin, in a regular diet, which laid the foundation of the Hungarian constitution, by organizing the municipal self-government of the country, without giving any great preponderance to the prince, who only in war could exercise uncontrolled power in his capacity as commander-in-chief. The conquerors, all free and equal among themselves, admitted the nobility of the conquered populations to the same rights and privileges, whilst the servile class of the
