ARTOIS, Jacques van, a celebrated Belgian painter, born at Brussels in 1613; died about 1665. He studied under Wildens, and worked for and with Vandycke, who was on intimate terms with him. Endowed with an extraordinary facility, he produced a great number of works, which procured him large returns, unfortunately too lightly dissipated. His paintings are very remarkable for delicacy of handling and strength of colouring. Some of the best works of this master are to be seen at Munich, and in the gallery of Vienna there are two very large landscapes by him.—R. M.
ARTOMEDES, Sebastian, a Lutheran preacher at Langenzee in 1544; died at Königsberg in 1602. He published several religious works.
ARTOMIUS, Piotr, an ecclesiastical poet, born at Grodzisk in Great Poland, on the 26th July, 1552, and died at Thorn, 2nd August, 1609.—G. M.
ARTOPÆUS, Grecized form of the German surname Becker (Baker), the name of several German authors who contributed to the propagation of protestantism—
Artopæus, Johann, born 1520, died about 1580, was professor of jurisprudence in the university of Freiburg. He is author of "Colloquia duo elegantissima, alterum sensus et rationis, alterum adulationis et paupertatis, quibus viva humanæ vitæ imago exprimitur," Basle, 1547, 8vo; "Notæ ad Erasmi Parabolas," Freiburg, 1566.
Artopæus, Johann Christoph, canon of the chapter of St. Thomas at Strasburg, where he was born in 1626, and died in 1702. To this writer is attributed "Seria Disquisitio de statu, loco, et vita animarum postquam discesserunt a corporibus, præsertim fidelium," inserted in the Fasciculus rariorum et curiosorum scriptorum theologicorum de anima," Frankfort, 1692, 8vo. He left various other dissertations on subjects of theology and of history.
Artopæus, Petrus, a native of Pomerania, died in 1563. He was protestant minister in the principal church of Stettin; and wrote, among other works, "Christiana trium Linguarum Elementa," Basle, 1545, 8vo; "Biblia Veteris et Novi Testamenti, et Historiæ Artificiosis Picturis Effigiata, cum Explicatione Latine et Germanice," Frankfort, 1557, 8vo.—A. M.
ARTORIUS, Marcus, an ancient physician, author of a treatise on hydrophobia, quoted by Cœlius Aurelianus, but no longer extant. He was the physician of the Emperor Augustus, and is said to have saved the life of that monarch at the battle of Philippi, b.c. 42. He was drowned at sea 31 b.c.
ARTOT, Joseph, a celebrated violinist, born at Brussels, 4th February, 1815, died 20th July, 1845. At the early age of seven years, he was able to execute in public several pieces of great difficulty, and at twelve was appointed one of the professors of the violin at the Conservatory in Paris.
ARTUS, Thomas, Sieur d'Embry, a French scholar, born at Paris, of a good family, about the middle of the sixteenth century. Of his life nothing is known, except his having formed a kind of literary connection with Blaise de Vigenere, a well-known French translator of several Latin and Greek authors.
ARTUSI, Giovanni Maria, an ecclesiastic of Bologna, in which city he was born in the year 1565. He was the author of a treatise on music, entitled "L'Arte del Contrappunto," published at Venice in 1586. This work contains a great variety of excellent rules, selected with much judgment from the works of various modern writers. These are disposed in analytical order, and so well compressed, that small as the book is, it must have been one of the most useful treatises that had at that time been published. In the year 1589, Artusi printed a second part of his work, in which he has explained the nature and uses of dissonances: it forms a curious and valuable supplement to the former. In 1600 he published a discourse in dialogue, entitled "L'Artusi, ovoero della Imperfezzioni della moderna Musica," containing a well-written and interesting account of the state of instrumental music in his time, with rules for conducting musical performances, either vocal or instrumental. Three years afterwards there appeared a supplement to this work, containing, amongst other things, an inquiry into the principles of some of the modern innovations in music. Artusi's last work was a small tract, entitled "Impressa del motto R. M. Gioseffo Zarlino da Chioggia." The date of his death is uncertain.—E. F. R.
ARTUSINI, Antonio, an Italian lawyer and poet, born at Forli, 2nd October, 1554, and died about 1630.
ARTVELT, Andries van, a marine painter, who excelled in the delineation of storms. He was born at Antwerp about the end of the sixteenth century.
ARUM, Dominic, a Dutch lawyer, descended from a noble family of Friesland, was born at Leeuwarden in 1579, and died at Jena, while officiating as judge of the academic appellate court there, 24th February, 1637.
ARUNDEL, Blanche, Lady Arundel of Wardour, fifth daughter of Edward Somerset, earl of Worcester, and the wife of Thomas, second Lord Arundel, defended Wardour castle with the greatest resolution, and with only a handful of men, against the parliamentary forces under Sir Edmund Hungerford and Edmund Ludlow, but was obliged eventually to surrender upon honourable terms. These terms, however, were violated by the besiegers, and the latter were consequently dislodged by the determination of Lord Arundel, who, on his return, ordered a mine to be sprung under the castle, and thus sacrificed to his loyalty that noble and magnificent structure. Lady Blanche Arundel was a devoted Roman catholic, and her son, the third Lord Arundel, was imprisoned in the tower for five years on the information of the infamous Titus Oates, but was afterwards released, and became lord keeper of the Privy Seal.—E. W.
ARUNDEL, Mary, an eminent and learned English gentlewoman of the 16th century; married first to Robert Ratcliffe, who died 1566, and subsequently to Henry Howard, earl of Arundel.
ARUNDEL, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, the son of Richard Fitz-Alan, earl of Arundel, was born at Arundel castle, Sussex, in the year 1353. He rose in the church with a rapidity which can only be accounted for by the powerful influence of his family. When hardly of age, he was archdeacon of Taunton, and when only twenty-two was consecrated bishop of Ely. In 1386 he was appointed lord high chancellor, an office which he resigned in 1389, but to which he was reappointed in 1391. Meanwhile he had been raised to the archbishopric of York, from which, in 1396, he was translated to the see of Canterbury and the primacy of England. In the year following this last elevation the tide of his fortune turned. Involved with the head of his family in the cause of the duke of Gloucester, and treacherously dealt with by the king, he was driven into exile. He applied to the pope, who interested himself in his behalf, but the expostulation of Richard induced him to refrain from interfering in the quarrel. Disappointed at Rome, Arundel directed his attention to England, and enlisted in the cause of Henry, with whose elevation to the throne his own return to honour was secured in 1399. Once more at the head of the clergy of England, he became a zealous defender of their rights. In 1404, when the Commons of the lack-learning parliament assailed their livings, and proposed that they should be seized to fill the empty exchequer, the archbishop's eloquence so moved them that they withdrew their "execrable scheme," as he was pleased to name it. But Arundel is perhaps better known in connection with the persecutions of the Lollards, in which he was the prime mover. He established an inquisition at Oxford to inquire into the opinions of persons suspected of heresy; he proposed that the bones of Wickliffe should be exhumed and exposed to dishonour; and, sensible of the influence of Wickliffe's Bible, he passed a decree against the translation of the scriptures into English, or the reading of such translations. One of the last acts of his life was the passing sentence on Sir John Oldcastle of Cobham, who headed an insurrection of the Lollards in 1413. Arundel died in the same year.—J. B.
ARUNDEL, Sir Thomas, son of Sir Matthew Arundel of Wardour (whose father was created a knight of the Bath at the coronation of Anne Boleyn, and was beheaded in 1552), was born about the year 1560. At an early age he went to Germany, and serving as a volunteer in the imperial army in Hungary, he took the standard of the Turks with his own hand in an engagement at Gran, for which deed he was created by Rodolph II. a count of the holy Roman empire, and the patent extends to his heirs male and female. On returning to England, in spite of professing the Roman catholic religion, he was elevated by James I. to the peerage in 1605, as Lord Arundel of Wardour. He died in 1632.—E. W.
ARUNS, youngest son of Tarquin the Elder, and brother of Tarquin the Proud, lived and died in the fifth century b.c.—(Livy, i. 56, and ii. 6.)
ARUNS, son of Tarquin the Proud and of Tullia, was killed in battle by Brutus, in the beginning of the sixth century b.c.
