which appeared in 1814, was another pamphlet, bearing the title of "Blanc, Bleu, et Rouge, Louis XVIII., le patrie et l'honneur;" another entitled "Tableau Historique des événements qui se sont accomplis depuis le retour de Bonaparte jusqu'au retablissement de Louis XVIII.," was published in 1815. A variety of other publications, from the pen of the same author, appeared between 1816 and 1839.
AUDIN-ROUVIERO, Joseph Marie, a French surgeon, author of an essay on the physical and medical topography of Paris, a treatise on inoculation, and a well-known work entitled "La Medecine sans Medecin," was born at Carpentras in 1764, and died of cholera in 1832. He realised a large fortune by the sale of a kind of pills, which he called "Grains de Santé."
AUDINET SERVILLE, J. G., a French entomologist. He is principally known for his writings on the family Orthoptera. Besides papers in the "Annales de Sciences Naturelle," his principal works are the following:—"Tableau Methodique des Insects de l'ordre des Orthopteres," Paris, 1831, and "Histoire Naturelle des Insects Orthopteres," Paris, 1839.
AUDINOT, Nicolas Medard, a French comedian and dramatic author, born at Bourmont in 1732. He erected the theatre called L'Ambigu-Comique. Died in 1801.
AUDLEY or AUDELEY, Sir James, one of the followers of the Black Prince, celebrated for his gallantry at the battle of Poictiers, appears to have been the son of an Oxfordshire knight. He was seneschal of Pictou in 1369, in which year he died. Audley was one of the original knights of the order of the Garter.
AUDLEY, Edmund, bishop, was the son of James, Lord Audley, one of the original knights of the Garter. The date of his birth is uncertain, but he took his B.A. degree at Oxford, 1463. In 1471 he became prebend of Lincoln, in 1475 prebend of Wells, and same year archdeacon of the East Riding. In 1480, Edward IV. presented him to the see of Rochester, when he resigned his other preferments. In 1492, Henry VII. translated him to Hereford, and in 1502 to Salisbury, and made him chancellor of the order of the Garter. He died in 1524, and was buried in Salisbury cathedral, leaving behind him the character of a generous-hearted prelate.—J. B., O.
AUDLEY, Thomas, afterwards Lord Audley, the son of a yeoman of moderate means, was born at Colne, in Essex, in 1488. He was at an early age entered of the Inner Temple, and in due time called to the bar. Having attained considerable celebrity as a common lawyer, by dint of consummate skill, artifice, and dissimulation, he acquired popularity, and rose rapidly into notice. But whatever credit attaches to the talent and diligence which raised him from a very humble to a very exalted position, his fame is marred by an unscrupulous disregard of every principle of justice and humanity.
In 1523 he obtained a seat in the Commons' House, where he warmly espoused the cause of Cardinal Wolsey, and, in opposition to the Speaker, Sir Thomas More, encouraged the unconstitutional attempts of the crown to extort money from the people, attempts which were only frustrated by the determined attitude of the country, throughout which discontent had almost ripened into open rebellion. On the subsequent disgrace of Wolsey and the elevation of Sir Thomas More to the woolsack, Audley, on the recommendation of the court, was In 1529 elected Speaker of the House of Commons, where, not from conscientious motives, but as the time-serving slave of Henry the Eighth, he fostered the king's designs with reference to the church, and promoted the dissolution of his marriage with the estimable but unhappy Catherine of Aragon. The skill which he displayed in managing the House of Commons, whose sympathies for the queen were strong, raised him greatly in the king's favour, and in 1532, on the retirement of Sir Thomas More, whose inflexible integrity would not bend to the king's wishes, the Great Seal was conferred on Audley, as Lord Keeper, when he received the honour of knighthood, retaining his seat in the House of Commons. In the following year he was made Lord Chancellor, and, presiding over the iniquitous proceedings of the House of Lords, was the chief instigator and promoter of those measures which disgraced the house, and of those legal murders which ensued. To Audley's wilful perversion of the settled rule of law, which required two witnesses to establish a charge of treason, the venerable Bishop Fisher owed his martyrdom. To Audley's infamous charge to the jury on the trial of Sir Thomas More, and the perjury of his tool, the Solicitor-General Rich, may be attributed the verdict, by which that estimable man was condemned to an ignominious death. Although Audley had lent his servile and powerful aid to those measures by which the unfortunate Queen Catherine had been supplanted by Ann Boleyn, no sooner had the king set his eyes on Jane Seymour and resolved upon another victim, than Audley unhesitatingly conformed to the will of the tyrant, and, applying himself with avidity to the nefarious work, he never relinquished the vindictive prosecution until the head of Henry's second queen rolled from the scaffold on Tower Hill. The following day witnessed the nuptials of the king with his new favourite, and with indecent haste was a bill brought into the house, under the auspices of Audley, to bastardise the issue of the king's former marriages, settle the throne on the issue of the present or any subsequent marriage, and confer on the king the arbitrary and unconstitutional power of disposing of the crown in the event of his death without legitimate children. Fortunately, perhaps, for Jane Seymour, she died in giving birth to a son, and though Audley was not included in the batch of nobles created on the auspicious occasion of the birth of a Prince of Wales, the honour of nobility was not long withheld from him, for, in the following year, the services of a willing tool being essential to secure the condemnation of the king's cousins, the Marquis of Exeter and Lord Montague, Audley was elevated to the peerage as Baron Audley of Waldon, for the special purpose of presiding over these trials. For these and the many other crimes which stamp with indelible odium the memory of Audley, he unblushingly sought compensation, frankly avowing that "he had in this world susteyned great damage and infamie in serving the kinge's highness, which this grant (the lands of the dissolved abbey of Waldon) shall recompens." To the judicial murderer of Fisher, More, Boleyn, Courtney, De la Pole, &c., the desired boon could not be denied, and, in addition to this substantial reward, he shortly afterwards received the order of the Garter. In 1540 the king, having expressed his disaffection for his new queen, Ann of Cleves, resolved to wreak his vengeance on Cromwell, through whose instrumentality the marriage had been brought about; and having created his ill-fated favourite Earl of Essex, to add the more signal cruelty to his impending fall, Audley was selected to work out the destruction of his colleague, for which purpose he framed a bill of attainder, containing a series of incongruous accusations, and most iniquitously caused the earl to be attainted without being heard in his defence, and thus, without trial, evidence, or examination, he was brought to the block. Having consigned the promoters of the marriage to an ignominious death, the next care of the submissive slave of royalty, was to pave the way for, and accomplish the dissolution of the marriage itself; and Ann of Cleves was fortunate enough to escape with her head, to make way for Catherine Howard, and furnish another victim to the ruthless king and his obsequious chancellor. It is no mean compliment to the talent of Audley, however great the infamy implied, that he so long retained the favour of Henry the Eighth, and that, having taken so active a part in matters so closely touching his majesty, he should have been spared to die in his bed without having incurred the king's displeasure. He died on the 30th April, 1554, in the fifty-sixth year of his age.—F. J. H.
AUDOIN or AUDOUIN DE CHAIGNEBRUN, Henri, a French surgeon of some celebrity, who devoted his attention to epidemic and epizootic diseases, born 1714, died 1781.
AUDOLEON, a king of the Pæonians in the 4th century b.c.
AUDOUARD, Mathieu François Maxence, a French surgeon, born in 1776; died in 1856; author of "Relation historique et medicale de la fièvre jaune de Barcelone."
AUDOUIN, Jean Victor, a celebrated French entomologist. He was born at Paris on the 27th April, 1797, and died on the 9th November, 1841. He first studied the law, intending to follow the profession of his father, but his taste for natural history was so decided that he eventually determined to abandon the law. In 1816 he became acquainted with Alexandre Brongniart, who possessed a fine collection of insects. This incident directed his attention more particularly to the study of entomology. In order to study natural history more successfully, he entered himself as a medical student in Paris, and was made doctor of medicine in 1826. On this occasion he wrote a thesis upon the genus Cantharis, to which the common blistering fly belongs. Two years before this, in conjunction with Dumas and Adolphe Brongniart, he had commenced editing the "Annales des Sciences Naturelles," and from 1824 he assisted Latreille in the chair of entomology at the Museum. About the same time
