AUXENCE or AUXENT, Saint, a Syrian by birth, died 470. The Greeks celebrate his memory on the 14th February, as a holy man, and a worker of miracles.
AUX-EPAULES, Richard Seigneur of Homme, and Saint Marie-du-Mont, a captain, who played an important part in the war in Normandy, between Henry VI. of England, and Charles VII. of France.
AUXILIUS, a French theologian in the tenth century; author of some treatises against Pope Sergius III., wherein he boldly recounted certain indignities offered by papal authority to his predecessor, Formosus.
AUXIRON, Claude François d', an engineer and economist, was born at Besançon in 1728, and died at Paris in 1778. He was author of the following works, which were published anonymously—"Memoire sur les Moyens dé fournir des eaux saines à la capitale," Paris, 1765, 12mo; "Principes de tous les Gouvernements, ou Examen des causes de la faiblesse ou de la splendeur de tout État considéré eu lui-même et independamment des mœurs," Paris, 1766, 2 vols. in 12mo; and a work entitled "La Theorie des fieuves, avec l'art de bâtir dans les eaux et d'en prévenir les ravages," translated from the German of J. J. Silberschlag.—G. M.
AUXIRON, Jean Baptiste d', a physician and mathematician, born at Baume-les-dames about 1680, died at Besançon in 1760. His published works are—"Demonstration d'un secret utile à la Marine," Paris, 1750, in 8vo; and "Nouvelle Manière de diriger la bombe," Paris, 1754, in 8vo.
AUXIRON, Jean Baptiste d,' a professor of French law in the university of Besançon. He was born in that city in 1736, and died there in 1800. He published several works, chiefly of local interest, and left behind him, in manuscript, a valuable work on the means of extinguishing mendicity in France.
AUZANET, Barthelemy, or AUSSANET, Pierre, a French lawyer, was born at Paris in 1591, and died in 1673. Among his works, collected and published in one volume, are—"Observations et Mémoires de l'étude de la jurisprudence," and "Notes sur la coutume de Paris," Paris, 1708, in folio.
AUZOLES, Jacques d', lord of la Peyre, a French chronological writer, was born in the castle of la Peyre in Auvergne, 14th May, 1571, and died at Paris, 19th May, 1642. He studied at Paris, where he became secretary to the duke of Montpensier. Among his works, which are numerous, are "La généalogie de Melchisédec," 1622; "La Véritable Généalogie de Job," 1623; "Sainte Géographie," 1 vol. folio, Paris, 1629.
* AUZOU, Louis Napoleon, l'Abbé, originator of the "French catholic church," was born 1st January, 1806. After the revolution of 1830, he excited a great religious ferment in France, which ended in a schism among the Romanists of that country, and the establishment of what was at first called the "Reformed church," and afterwards the "French catholic church." Notwithstanding this schism, Auzou continued to exercise the sacerdotal functions, without any opposition on the part of the government, until May, 1853, when, in consequence of the interference of the police, he was obliged to quit Clichy, of which place he had been appointed curé. He then proceeded to Chartres, where he preached against divine right, and the usurpation of the priesthood. Returning to Paris, he there ordained two priests, Huos and Picot, celebrated a funeral service for Molière and for Pépin, and assisted in a religious ceremony in favour of citizen Pepin, who was beheaded in the forty-fourth year of the republic. Among the principles advocated by Auzou, were the abolition of ecclesiastical celibacy, and the suppression of fees for marriages and burials; "the French catholic church," he said, "relied on the generosity of the faithful." He afterwards, however, became reconciled to the church, having made a formal retractation and submission. He is the author of numerous works on ecclesiastical subjects, a list of which is given in the Nouv. Biog. Univ.—G. M.
AUZOUT, Adrien, a French mathematician, was born at Rouen about the beginning of the seventeenth century, and died in 1691. He invented an instrument called the micrometer, by which astronomers are still assisted in measuring the apparent diameters of the heavenly bodies. He was amongst the first men of science who turned their attention to the subject of weights and measures, both ancient and modern. He was also a skilful maker of telescopes, and other philosophical instruments. The following list of his works is given by Lalande—"Epistola de duabus novis in Saturno et Jove factis observationibus;" "Lettre a M. l'Abbe Charles, sur le Raguaglio di duc nuove osservatione, &c., d' Joseph Campani, avec de remarques nouvelles sur Saturno et Jupiter, sur les lunes de Jupiter," &c.; "Traité du Micromètre, ou manière exacte pour prendre le diamètre des planétes et la distance entre lea petites étoiles;" "Divers Ouvrages de Mathematique et de Physique," &c.—G. M.
AVALONIUS, Elvan, an English missionary of the second century, who preached the Christian faith to the idolatrous Britons. He is said to have written a treatise on the origin of the Church of Great Britain.
AVALONIUS, Milchinus, or Mevinus, an English poet, who lived about the year 560. The three following works have been ascribed to him—"De Gestis Britannorum;" "De Antiquitatibus Britanniae;" "De Regis Arthurii Mensa Rotunda."
AVALOS or D'AVALO, a noble Neapolitan family of Spanish origin, of whom we mention:—
Avalos, Ruy Lopez d', Conde de Ribadeo, lived in the fifteenth century, and was grand constable of Castile, under King Juan II.
Avalos, Inigo, who lived in 1481, attended Alfonso V. of Aragon in his expeditions against Naples and Sicily, and afterwards served against the Venetians.
Avalos, Alfonso I. d'. Marquis of Pescara, held important offices under Ferdinand II. of Naples, whom he served with zeal and fidelity during the French invasion. He died in 1495.
Avalos, Inigo d', Marquis del Vasto, a brother of the former, who served under Gonzalvo de Cordova against the French, and died in 1503.
Avalos, Alfonso II., Marquis del Vasto, a son of the former, by Laura Sanseverina, entered into the service of the Emperor Charles V. In 1525 he contributed to the victory of Pavia, by routing the Swiss in the service of France. Avalos was next sent with the viceroy Moncada to relieve Naples, which the French, under Lantrec, were besieging by land, and were blockading by the Genoese fleet, under Doria, by sea. In an attack upon the latter, Moncada was slain, and Avalos taken prisoner, but succeeded in inducing Doria to change sides and assist the emperor. Naples was saved, and the French army obliged to surrender. In 1530 he took part in the campaign which ended in the destruction of the Florentine republic. Two years subsequently, he was summoned to march into Hungary against the Sultan Solyman, but the retreat of the Turks rendered the services of the Italian contingent unnecessary. In 1535 he followed Charles V. to Tunis, on which occasion he had the command of the land forces. He afterwards was nominated governor of the Milanese, and in this capacity he was defeated by the French at Cerisollis. He lost the favour of the emperor, and died suddenly of a fever at Vigevano in Lombardy.
Avalos, Costanza, a sister of the former, eminent as a poetess, lived in the first half of the sixteenth century.
Avalos, Ferdinand d'. Marquis of Pescara, the son of Alfonso I. d'Avalos, was born at Naples in 1490. He entered at an early age into military service, and was taken prisoner by the French at the unfortunate battle of Ravenna. He soon recovered his liberty, and displayed extraordinary ability in the wars of Charles V. The victory of Bicocca was mainly due to his judicious manœuvres. The honour of the battle of Pavia belonged to him alone, but he died of the wounds received on that memorable day, at the early age of thirty-six.—J. W. S.
AVANCON, Guillaume, d,' cardinal-archbishop of Embrun, was born in Dauphinè about the year 1530. He exhibited the sternness of his character towards the heretics of his time, and especially made himself remarked for severity at the council of Trent. Died in 1600.
AVANZI, Giacomo d', or Giacomo di Bologna, an Italian painter of the early part of the fifteenth century. He worked for the Chiesa del Santo in Padua, where his pictures were often mistaken for productions of Giotto, which they greatly resemble in style. He was very careful in his design and execution.
AVARAY, Antoine Louis François, Duc d', son of Claude Antoine de Beziade Avaray, a French officer, who assisted Monsieur, afterwards Louis XVIII., to escape from Paris, on the 21st June, 1791. His services on that occasion and others, which he rendered to the cause of royalty during the times of Napoleon, were rewarded with estates and the title of duke, which, after his death, in 1817, were transferred to his father, Claude Antoine de Beziade.
AVARAY, Claude Theophile Beziade, Marquis d',
