works are noted for their good colouring and clever composition He was flourishing in 1682.
AYESHA, one of the wives of Mahomet, the daughter of Abubeker, the first caliph and successor to the great impostor, was only nine years old when married to her husband, and was his only virgin wife. On one occasion, suspicions of her conjugal fidelity were bruited, but the Prophet quashed them by assuring the faithful that he had got a revelation from heaven establishing her innocence. He loved her deeply, though she had no children, and he expired in her arms. After his death, the Mussulmans highly venerated her, and called her "Mother of the Faithful." She became a party in the intrigues which followed, and was of course involved in the defeat sustained by those who opposed the succession of Ali, son of Abu Talib. Ali, however, dismissed her with the salutary caution, that she should act in future with discretion, and cease to concern herself in public affairs; and after an eventful life, she died in the fifty-eighth year of the Hegira, 677 a.d., aged sixty-seven.—T. J.
AYGLER or AIGLER, Bernard, cardinal, died in 1282. He was sent into France, with the powers of legate, by Clement IV. He is the author of "Speculum Monachorum," and "Commentarium in regulam Sancti Benedicti."
AYLESBURY or AILESBURY, Sir Thomas, a mathematician of the reign of Charles I., was born in 1576. He became secretary to Charles, earl of Nottingham, Lord High-Admiral of England, and afterwards to his successor, George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. After the execution of the king he retired to Brussels, and subsequently settled at Breda, where he died in 1657. He was celebrated for his liberal patronage of letters.
AYLESBURY, William, son of the preceding, was born in Westminster about the year 1612. He was appointed by Charles I., tutor to the young duke of Buckingham, and his brother. Lord Francis Villiers, with whom he travelled on the continent. He translated, with the assistance of Charles Cottrel, "The Historic of the Civill Warres of France, written in Italian by H. C. Davila," 1647. He died at Jamaica, where he had been sent as secretary to the governor, in 1657.
AYLETT or AYLET, Robert, LL.D., an English poet, supposed to have been born about the year 1583. He took his degree at Cambridge, and appears to have afterwards been appointed to a mastership in the high-court of Chancery. He published in 1654, "Divine and Moral Speculations, in metrical numbers, upon various subjects."
AYLIFFE, John, an English canonist of the first half of the eighteenth century. He wrote:—"The Ancient and Present State of the University of Oxford, &c.;" "Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani;" and "Pandect of the Roman Civil Law."
AYLINI or AILINO, Giovanni, surnamed Maniaco, an Italian historian of the second half of the fourteenth century.
AYLLON, Lucas Vasquez d', a Spanish adventurer of the sixteenth century, who was employed by the regal council of Hispaniola to prevent Velasquez and Narvaez from attacking the empire of Montezuma. In one of his expeditions into Florida, he was guilty of the most cruel treachery towards the Indians, and is supposed to have perished in that province.
AYLMER, John, bishop of London, was of a good Norfolk family, and born in 1521. He was noticed by the duke of Suffolk, and by him made tutor to the Lady Jane Grey. In 1553 he was made archdeacon of Stow, but Mary's accession that year caused him to escape to Zurich. Wien Elizabeth ascended the throne, Aylmer returned home, and was present as archdeacon of Lincoln in the synod of London (1562), in which capacity he signed the Thirty-nine articles. The queen, for a long time, kept him from the episcopate, in consequence of an indiscreet passage about bishops in a former work of his; but, eventually, in 1576, when Sandys was translated to York, Aylmer succeeded him in London. The queen had no reason to regret her choice, for Aylmer was one of her readiest instruments in carrying out the policy in church matters which she had proposed to herself, and he persecuted papist and puritan with the most entire impartiality. He quite entered into his royal mistress's dislike of the puritans, and was vigorous in enforcing conformity in his diocese; indeed, on more than one occasion, the Privy Council had to interfere. As might be expected, he figured in the Marprelate tracts as an "oppressor of the children of God," "Don John," "Devil John," a "breaker of the Sabbath," &c. During the latter years of his episcopate, he was very anxious to be translated to Winchester or Ely, and in order that Bancroft might succeed him, but without success. He died in 1594, and was buried in St. Paul's. He was doubtless a good scholar, and able administrator of existing laws; but his manners were offensive, and we do not find any trace of very high principle influencing his conduct. He left a large family. He was the author of "An Harborowe for Faithful and Trewe Subjects against the late Blowne Blaste concerning the Government of Women," Strasb., 1559, being an answer to Knox's famous "First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstrous Regiment of Women," and a treatise on "The Queen's Ecclesiastical Supremacy."—J. B., O.
AYLOFFE, Sir Joseph, an English antiquary, born in 1708, was the sixth baronet of a family described as of Framfield in Sussex. He was educated at Westminster, and at St. John's college, Oxford; became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1731; and the year following, a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1763 he was appointed one of three commissioners for the new State-Paper office, and this appointment led to his publishing a work on the national records, entitled "Calendars of the Ancient Charters, and of the Welsh and Scottish Rolls now remaining in the Tower of London." He afterwards undertook to translate the "Encyclopedie" of Diderot and D'Alembert, but the work met with no encouragement, and was discontinued. Ayloffe is the author of several valuable papers in the Archæologia. Died in 1781.—J. S., G.
AYMÉ, Jean Jacques or Job, procureur-general of the department of Drome, and afterwards a conspicuous member of the council of Five Hundred, was born at Montélimart in 1752. He was banished to Cayenne in 1798, but escaped after eighteen months' exile; and returning to France, was received into favour by Napoleon, who made him director of a department. Died in 1818. Aymé left an account of his "Deportation." "
AYMON, Jean, a French ecclesiastical writer of the beginning of the eighteenth century, was a native of Dauphiné. He renounced the communion of the Romish church, but without offence to his ecclesiastical patrons, and was afterwards accused of purloining manuscripts from the king's library at Paris—two circumstances which convey no favourable impression of his character. His principal work is entitled "Actes Ecclesiastiques et Civils de tons les Synodes Nationaux des Eglises Reformées de France," 1710.—J. S., G.
AYMON or AIMONE, Count of Savoy, born at Bourg-en-Bresse in 1291, was the second son of Amadeus V. He created the office of chancellor in Savoy, and established a supreme court of justice at Chambery. He is usually called "the Pacific" in the history of his times. Died in 1343.
AYNÈS, François David, a French writer, born at Lyons in 1776, died 1827; was sometime principal of the college of Villefranche, and noted for his royalist opinions. He published an "Authentic correspondence of the court of Rome with France, from the invasion of the Roman States to the abduction of the Sovereign Pontiff," 8vo, 1808, first edition without name of printer or place; "Official documents relating to the invasion of Rome by the French in 1808," Lyons, 8vo, 1809; also a Dictionary of Geography, and various educational works.
AYOLAS, Juan d', a Spanish adventurer, born at the end of the fifteenth century, died 1538. Accompanying Don Pedro de Mendoza in the discovery of the river La Plata, he occupied Buenos Ayres with a number of Spaniards, Germans, and Flemings, and was named governor of the settlement. In an expedition up the La Plata, he was informed by Gonzala Romera, a Portuguese survivor of the expedition of Sebastian Cabot, that a rich country was to be found in the interior, and Ayolas set out with four hundred men to explore the Paraguay. He took possession of Lampere, and named it "Assumption," remaining there six months on friendly terms with the Carios Indians. He then penetrated eighty leagues farther into the country of the Payagoes, and is supposed to have been murdered by them.—(Herrera, Historia General; Southey, Hist. Brazil.)
AYOUBITES or AYYUBITES, the Saracen dynasty founded by Saladin, son of Nedjemuddin Ayoub, which in Egypt supplanted the Fatimite caliphs about 1171. Several of the descendants of Saladin, known as Ayoubites, afterwards ruled in Egypt, Syria, Armenia, and Arabia Felix. In the thirteenth century their power fell before that of the Mamelukes.
AYRAULT or AIRAULT, Pierre (Petrus Ærodius), a French lawyer. born at Angers 1536; died 1604. He first practised as avocat at Angers and afterwards at Paris, where he became one of the most celebrated advocates of the parliament.
