AZINHERO, Christophe-Rodrique, a Portuguese jurisconsult and historian, was born at Evora in 1474. Here he practised as an advocate, and occupied much of his leisure in the study of history. He wrote a work entitled "Summario das Chronicas dos Reys de Portugal revisto."
AZIZI-KARA-CHELEBIZADE, A´bdu-l-Aziz Effendi, a Turkish historian and poet, was born at Constantinople in 1591, and died in 1667. He held various high offices, both civil and ecclesiastical, and was one of the most intriguing politicians of his age and country. He was author of a variety of works, none of which have been printed. Among these, one of the most remarkable is the history of his own time.—G. M.
AZNAR or AZINARIUS, count of Gascony, died in 836. He is first mentioned in history under the title of the count of Jaca, and from him is traced the descent of the ancient kings of Navarre. In 819 he was invested by the Emperor Louis le Debonnaire with the government of the March of Aragon; and, in 824, he became connected with the unsuccessful expedition from Aquitaine against the Navarrese, who had entered into alliance with the Moors. He subsequently contrived to render himself independent in his county of Gascony (citerior Vascony), of which he died in possession.—G. M.
AZO or AZZO, or AZZOLINUS, Portius, an eminent Italian jurist, was born about the middle of the twelfth century, and died in 1200. He became professor of jurisprudence in the university of Bologna; and such was his popularity, that, it is said, the number of his students soon amounted to ten thousand, so that he was obliged to lecture in the open air, in the square of San Stefano. He was author of six juridical works, which were so highly valued, that Azo's fame as a jurist surpassed that of all his predecessors. He was styled "The fountain of law;" "The trump of truth;" and, in his epitaph, "The god of jurists."—G. M.
AZOPARDI, François, a musician of Malta, where he acted as maitre de chapelle about 1750. He is best known as the author of a treatise on composition, published in 1760, under the title of "Il Musico Practico."
AZOR or AZORIUS, Juan, a Spanish theologian, born at Zamora 1533; died 1603. Entering the order of the Jesuits, he first taught theology in the college of Alcala, but his reputation caused his superiors to remove him to Rome, where he was appointed to the chair of moral theology in the college of Jesus. He there professed and published his system under the title of "Moral Institutes," and developed his ideas of right and wrong on principles which are sufficiently curious. He maintained, for instance (book ii, page 105), that it is lawful "for a man of honour" to kill those who may attempt to give him a box on the ear, or a blow with a stick—at least he thinks it probable. So also (book xi., c. 1) we may kill those who deprive us of our goods, even though we do not anticipate violence, as, for instance, when they take flight. The Dominicans, out of opposition to the jesuits, attacked the "Moral Institutes;" but Clement VIII. issued a brief approving of the publication, and it is to be found at the beginning of the first volume. Pascal took up the discussion in the "Provincial Letters," and introduces Father Azorius and the doctrine of "probable-ism," of which Azorius was one of the principal defenders. Notwithstanding the opposition, however, the "Moral Institutes" were widely circulated in Spain and France, and attracted the attention of Bossuet, who thought that they might be useful to priests, "especially to curés and confessors." He even recommends them to his clergy in his synodical statutes. Editions of the Institutes were multiplied by the presses of Rome, Venice, Cologne, Lyons, &c.; and Azorius published some other works, but none that attained to celebrity.—P. E. D.
AZORIA. See Aquila, Caspar.
AZRAKI, a Persian poet and philosopher of the eleventh century, was born at Herat. He was the author of a work called "The Book of Sindbad," consisting of maxims of practical philosophy. Some other works have been ascribed to Azraki, but it is doubtful whether they are still extant.
AZULAI, Abraham-Ben-Mordecai, a Jewish cabalistical writer, died at Hebron in 1644, wrote "Zohare Chamma," and "Chesed le Abraham."—His grandson, R. Chajim David Azulai, is the author of a celebrated bibliographical history of Hebrew writers, named "Shem Hagged Olim" (the Names of the Great Ones).
AZUNI, Domenico Alberto, an Italian lawyer and antiquary, was born at Sassari, in Sardinia, 3rd August, 1749, and died at Cagliari, 23rd January, 1827. He studied law at the university of Turin. Before the Revolution he was a senator at Nice. He afterwards went to Paris, and was appointed one of the commissioners for drawing up a commercial code of laws. In 1807 he was president of the Genoa court of appeal, but finally returned to Sardinia, and discharged the duties of judge at Cagliari, and became director of the library of the university. Azuni published many important legal works. He devoted some time to the study of natural history; and in his work on "The Geographical, Political, and Natural History of Sardinia," he gives an account of the zoology and botany of the island.—J. H. B.
AZURARA or ZURARA, Gomez-Eannes d', a distinguished Portuguese historian, who was born at Azurara in the first half of the fifteenth century; and died in the second half. At an early period of life he entered the order of Christ, and was soon after invested with the title of commander of Alcains. His style as a writer is characterised by a certain ease and firmness of diction, rather than by profound and instructive views. In 1454 he was charged with the formation of the library founded by Alphonso, and appointed to write officially the chronicles of the kingdom. He was author of a variety of historical works, which have been republished in recent times—"Memorias da Academia das sciencias, Collecçao de livros ineditos da Historia Portugueza," i. ii.; "Panorama, Journal Literario;" "Ferdinand Denis, Chroniques Chevaleresques de l'Espagne et du Portugal," 2 vols. in 8vo.—G. M.
AZZANELLO, Gregory, an Italian writer, born at Cremona about the end of the fourteenth or beginning of the fifteenth century. He was attached to the court of Jean-Galias Visconti, first duke of Milan.
AZZARI, Fulvio, an Italian historian, a native of Reggio in Lombardy, flourished about the middle of the sixteenth century. Though attached to the army, in which he rose to the rank of captain, he wrote, in Latin, a history of Lombardy, of which an abridgment was published in 4to in 1524.
AZZARKAL, Aboul-Kahin-Ibn-Abderrahman, an Arabian astronomer and mathematician. He lived in the first half of the eleventh century at Toledo, where he is said to have studied. His great scientific acquirements recommended him to Al-Mamoun, king of Toledo, who appointed him his principal astronomer.
AZZ-ED-DAULAH-BOKHTYAR, sovereign prince of Chusistan and Bagdad. He succeeded his father, Moezzed-Daulah, 1st April, 967, and died 30th May, 978.
AZZEMINO, Paolo, a Venetian artist of the early part of the sixteenth century, who possessed great skill in "niello," or inlaying on gold, silver, and iron. Works of this kind are called "Damascheni," from the city most celebrated in earlier times for inlaying; and from the expression "All' Azzemina," or "Alla Gemina," apparently a corruption of "Damascheni," Paolo derived his name.—A. M.
AZZI, François-Marie d', an Italian poet, born at Arezzo, 6th May, 1655; died 8th September, 1707. His poetical pieces were published in 1 volume, entitled "Genesi, con alcun sonetti morali del cavalier Francesco-Maria degli Azzi," Florence, 1700.
AZZI, Horace Degli, an Italian theologian, and native of Parma, lived about the end of the seventeenth or beginning of the eighteenth century. He entered the order of the Minorites, among whom he was known under the name of Horace de Parma. He is the author of several theological works.
AZZI NE' FORTI, Faustine d', an Italian poetess, born at Arezzo, 1st March, 1650, and died in her native town, 4th May, 1724. Her poetry, consisting of odes, sonnets, madrigals, eclogues, and fugitive pieces, was much admired by her contemporaries. Nearly the whole of her poems were published at Arezzo, in one volume, quarto, under the title of "Serto Poetico d' Faustina degli Azzi Ne' Forti."
AZZO, Alberto, a lord of Canossa, and feudatory of the bishop of Reggio, lived in the second half of the tenth century. He is distinguished for the construction, under the rock of Canossa, of an impregnable fortress, in which he sheltered Queen Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, in 956. He was afterwards raised by the emperor to the rank of marquis.
AZZO, Albert, Marquis of Este, died in 1029. During his marquisate, the hostilities of the house of Este against the emperors of Germany commenced. In 1014 he and his son
