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BAADER, Clement-Alois, a Bavarian counsellor, was born 8th April, 1762, and died 23rd March, 1838. He is known as the author of a biographical work, entitled "Gelehrtes Baiern."
BAADER, Francis-Xavier, born at Munich in 1765; died in the same city on 23d May, 1841. A very vigorous thinker and writer, recently exercising much influence over philosophical and religious speculation in Germany—Julius Muller, whose work on Sin and Redemption is well known in this country, was taught by Baader, and owns his great obligations to him. Baader's life was curious, and very honourable. The king of Bavaria, having the ambition to erect the university of Munich into the Metropolis of Reaction against the pantheisms desolating Germany, imagined that he had found in Baader a philosopher to his taste; and he promoted him, accordingly, to the suitable chair. But he did not thereby further his favourite aims. Not unlike another Sovereign in the north of Germany, Louis' conceptions of Christianity were limited to the fancies and figments of the middle ages, whose doctrines and presence he desired to restore,—all of them at least, except their daring, and the degree of liberty which Philosophy even then enjoyed. Baader to some extent was a mystic, but an independent one withal; and the king's christianity was not his. He did not think that painted windows mean religion. Neither did the two agree better as to politics. In 1815, Baader made a fervent appeal to the sovereigns constituting the Holy Alliance, to legitimize their cause by a grand inaugural act of justice,—viz., by restoring the Polish nationality; and he further told them that their professions must not be mere professions—that the French Revolution had rendered it imperative, alike for kings and combinations of kings, that they realize, socially, the gospel principles of justice and charity. Of course, Baader endeavoured vainly to charm the deaf adder: his reputation and personal influence, however, preserved him his professorship.—Baader's writings are far from clear. He never gave out his opinions in a systematic form; his chosen office was that of a controversialist, and what he thought, has to be collected from a whole host of pamphlets. These pamphlets, however, have a peculiar interest. Their style is odd, but the thought is always sharp and clear; and, whether wielded in offence or defence, Baader's weapons cut deep. Although considerably affected by mysticism, he rests his polemic on the fullest assertion of human liberty. Nothing else, indeed, will destroy pantheism; and such assertion is ever fatal to it. It is asserted that Baader's writings had much influence over Schelling in his latter years,—whether altogether for good, we do not at present undertake to say. Concerning his Theosophy and Theory of Redemption, our space will not permit us to speak: they are made known to the English student by the work of J. Muller. Irrespective, however, of his larger theories, his writings abound with passages and discussions of great interest. No man, for instance, has shown more forcibly the dependence of the intelligence, and of belief generally, on the state of the conscience and the vigour of the will. We cannot, he says, split man into parts. Uncontrolled by the moral will, and uncorrected, at every step, by conscience, the intellect wanders—occupying itself with Ignes Fatui. To think rightly, one must live well.—Should the student desire to know more of Baader, we commend him to Hoffman's Introduction to the doctrines of this philosopher.—J. P. N.
BAADER, Joseph, a Bavarian engineer, born at Munich in 1763, died in his native city, 20th November, 1835. He at first studied medicine, but afterwards gave himself up exclusively to engineering. His principal writings (in German) are the following—"Theory of the Forcing and Suction Pump," Baireuth, 1797, in 4to, 2nd ed., Hof. 1820; "Advices concerning the Improvement of Hydraulic Machines employed in Mines," Baireuth, 1800, in 4to, 2nd ed., Hof. 1820; "A New System of Locomotion," Munich, 1817; and "Huskisson and the Railways," Munich, 1830.—G. M.
BAAK-HATTIGH, Johann, a landscape painter of the Dutch school. In 1642 he presented a picture, in the manner of Poelenburg, to the hospital of St. Hiob of Utrecht, his native town. His works are very scarce.—R. M.
BAAL, king of Tyre, died about the year 592 b.c. He succeeded Ithobal, and was dethroned by Nebuchadnezzar.
BAALE, Henry Van, a Dutch dramatic poet, died in 1822. "De Saracenen" and "Alexander," are the two poems by which he is known.
BAALEN, Peter de, a Dutch physician, known only as the author of a medical work entitled "De Cortice Peruviano, ejusque in febribus intermittentibus Usu," Leyden, 1735, 4to.
BAAN, Jacob van, son of Johannes, born at the Hague in 1673. Under the tuition of his father, he became, at an early age, nearly as skilful as he in portrait painting; came with the prince of Orange to this country, when the latter was elected king of England. Here he executed several portraits, amongst which that of the duke of Gloucester is particularly noted. Although fully occupied, he could not resist his wish to see Rome; to which place he proceeded, declining, on his way thence, the offer of the grand duke of Tuscany to fix himself at his court. When in Rome, besides portraits, he executed several frescos and pictures of interiors. His fine appearance and great activity procured him, amongst the Italians, the surname of the "Gladiatore." Having proceeded to Vienna (where he met with the most flattering reception), he died there of a violent malady in 1700, universally regretted.—R. M.
BAAN, Johannes van, a Dutch portrait painter of the seventeenth century, equally distinguished for his artistical skill and for his personal character, was born at Haarlem in 1633; died at the Hague in 1703. Having lost his parents when only three years old, he was intrusted to the care of his maternal uncle Pieman (an artist of the school of Velvet Breughel), who, after having inspired his young ward with a taste for art, and given him the first rudimental instructions, put him under Jacob Backer at Amsterdam to complete his studies. Baan, however, did not follow the manner of either of his masters, but preferred imitating Van Dyck, in which he succeeded to such an extent that his works are often taken for productions of that great artist. Having thus obtained a considerable fame, he was called to England by Charles II., where he executed the portraits of the king, of the queen, and of many of the nobility of the day. On his return to Holland, amongst other portraits, he painted those of Cornelis and Jan van Witt; and when the two brothers were murdered by the infuriated mob, he refused to give up their pictures to the assassins who wanted to have them destroyed. He declined also to paint Louis XIV. of France, when invading Holland in 1672, and, later, to become the court painter of the electors of Brandenburg. Baan continued to work at the Hague up to the last years of his life, the object of great esteem to his friends, and implacable envy to his enemies and rivals, who repeatedly attempted to murder him. As his master-pieces are reckoned the portraits, above-mentioned, of the Van Witts, at Amsterdam; that of the count of Nassau, at the Hague; and his own at Dresden.—R. M.
BAAR or BAR, George Louis de. See BAR.
BAARLAND or BARLAND, Adrian van, a Flemish historical and geographical writer, born in 1488; died in 1542. A collected edition of his writings was printed at Cologne in 1532
BAARLAND or BARLAND, Hubert van, a Flemish physician, but a native of Baarland in Zealand, lived in the first half of the sixteenth century. He practised first at Namur,
