Minerva, became clerk at the Bank of Austria, and married the German popular authoress, Gabriele Baumgarten. When in 1809 Napoleon occupied Vienna, and invited the Hungarian nation to declare its independence, Bacsányi translated his proclamation, and had accordingly soon to emigrate to Paris. After the downfall of Napoleon, the Hungarian poet was delivered up to the Austrians, who kept him under police surveillance at Linz in Upper Austria, without, however, confiscating his French pension. In 1843 he was elected member of the Hungarian Academy, and died on the 12th of May, 1845. His works are remarkable rather for the refined style, than for originality of thought.—F. P., L.
BACZKO, Ludwig Adolph Franz Joseph von, a German miscellaneous writer. He was born at Lyck in Eastern Prussia, in 1756, and, though in his 21st year he had become blind, yet honourably filled the chair of history in the military academy of Königsberg. Amongst the various productions of his pen deserve to be noticed—"Geschichte Preussens;" "A History of the French Revolution;" "Die Reue," a tragedy; "Ueber mich selbst und meine Unglücksgefährten, die Blinden," &c. He died at Königsberg, 27th March, 1823. His autobiography was published by his eldest son.—K. E.
BADA, Don Jose de, a Spanish architect, born at Malaga in 1719, died in 1756; especially noted for having completed the cathedral of that city.—R. M.
BADAJOZ, Juan de, a Spanish architect of the sixteenth century, was one of those consulted for the erection of the Salamanca cathedral. Several important works were by this artist carried out in Old Castile, in which he fully displayed his exceeding fondness of ornamentation and sculptoric accessories; the best specimen of this tendency being the cloister of St. Zoilo.—R. M.
BADALOCCHIO, Sisto, surnamed il Rosa, an Italian painter, born at Parma in 1581, died at Rome in 1647. He was pupil and intimate friend of Annibale Caracci, whom he followed to Rome, and assisted in his numerous works in that city. He was equally tied with friendly bonds to Giovan Lanfranco, another pupil of Annibale, to whom he was superior in correctness of design and precision of execution, but inferior in inventive power. This rendered him invaluable in carrying out the conceptions of others, the more so as his natural modesty aided to improve this circumstance. Thus he proved of great assistance not only to his master and friend, but also to Guido, Domenichino, and Albano. The few works he produced by himself are, however, not to be despised; witness his "Galatea" at Rome, and the "St. Francis" of the gallery of Parma. Badalocchio was also an engraver of uncommon merit, as shown by his reproduction of the Correggio's frescos of the cupola at Parma, and his plates in illustration of the Farnese gallery.—R. M.
BADARACCO, Giuseppe, an Italian painter, born at Genoa about 1588, died 1657; studied under Strozzi and Ansaldo, but chiefly applied himself to the imitation of Andrea del Sarto, in which he was completely successful.—R. M.
BADARACCO, Gian Raffaele, the son of the preceding, studied painting, first under his father, then under Carlo Maratta, and lastly with Pietro da Cortona. In his numerous pictures he excelled for suavity of colouring and facility of touch, but exaggerated the use of ultramarine.—R. M.
BÁDÁRAYANA-ACHÁRYA, a celebrated Hindu philosopher, founder of the Vedántin school, and author of a set of aphorisms, entitled "Brahma-Sutras, or Sháríraka-Mímánsá," on which the celebrated Lhankara-Achárya wrote a commentary in the eighth century. He is identified by Hindu writers with Krishna-Dwaipáyana, called the "Vyása," or compiler, to whom are attributed the original compilation of the Vedas, and the authorship of the Bhagavad-gítá, and the greater part of the eighteen Puránas. Of these, the Vedas cannot have been compiled later than the seventh century b.c., while the Bhagavad-gítá belongs to the first century of our era, and the earliest of the Puránas to the third century. This ascription, though clearly absurd, is sufficient to prove the antiquity of Bádárayana, and the high esteem in which he was held. The Vedántin Sutras are probably all that he has a claim to. They were written before the Mímánsá Sutras of Zaimini, and therefore belong, probably, to the 3rd or 4th century before Christ, although Weber places Bádárayana in the 4th or 5th century.—C. T.
BADBY, John, an artificer, martyred in 1409, during the persecution of the Lollards under Henry IV.
BADCOCK, Richard, a British botanist, lived during the first half of the eighteenth century. He was one of the first who observed the microscopic structure of the anther, and the discharge of the pollen in plants, on which he communicated some observations to the Royal Society of London in 1746.
BADCOCK, Samuel, an ingenious controversialist, born at South Molton in Devonshire in 1747; died in London in 1788. He was for some time pastor of a dissenting congregation in his native shire, but afterwards entered the Church of England as curate of Broad Clyst in the diocese of Exeter. He combated the materialistic views of Dr. Priestley, in an able sketch of the controversy between that author and his opponents.—J. S., G.
BADEGISILUS, a French prelate of the sixth century. Chilperic I., who had previously made him mayor of the palace, gave him the bishopric of Mans in 581.
BADEHORN, Sigismond, a German theologian, professor of Hebrew at Leipzig; born in 1585, died in 1626. He published "Armatura Davidica," 1620.
BADEN, Dukes, Margraves, Grand-dukes of, an ancient German family, of which the origin has been traced to Gottfried, duke of the Allemanns, who lived about a.d. 700. Their elevation to the rank of sovereign princes—a rank which they still continue to enjoy—commenced as far back as the eleventh century. They are first noticed in history under the title of dukes of Zahringen. About 1040, Berthold, son of Gebhard, built the castle of Zahringen in Brisgau; and having obtained from the Emperor Henry III. the government of the duchy of Swabia, he became the root of the ducal house of Zahringen; the armorial ensigns of which are still borne by the grand-dukes of Baden.
The following are the princes of this house:—
Hermann I., second son of Berthold I., duke of Zahringen and Carinthia. He possessed, during the lifetime of his father, Baden and Hochberg in Brisgau; and was the first that took the title of margrave of Baden. By his marriage with Judith, daughter of Adelbert, count of Caliv or Calb, he obtained as her dowry the county of Uffgau, which now forms part of Baden. In 1073 he left his native country, and sought retirement in the abbey of Cluny, where he died, 25th April, 1074.
Hermann II., only son of the preceding, died in 1130. In February of that year, when at the diet of Basle, he first assumed the title of margrave of Baden. He obtained, also, from the emperor the title of duke of Verona. He was interred in the church of the monastery of Backnang, which he had founded for the regular canons of the order of St. Augustine.
Hermann III., son of the preceding, died in 1160. He served in the army of the Emperor Conrad III., and assisted at the siege of Weinsberg in 1140. He afterwards accompanied Conrad to Palestine in the second crusade.
Hermann IV., son of Hermann III., died in 1190. He divided with his brother Henry the patrimonial domains, and founded the two lines of Baden and Hochberg. In 1189 he accompanied the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa to the Holy Land, and signalized himself in the battles with the sultan of Iconium. He died in Cilicia, and was interred in the cathedral of Antioch.
Hermann V., called the Pious, died 16th January, 1243. He succeeded his father, Hermann IV., in the territory of Baden; Henry, his brother, being the first of the margraves of Hochberg. He took part with the Emperor Frederick II. in the contests between that prince and his rebellious son, Henry.
Hermann VI., son and successor of Hermann V. He extended the influence of his house by his marriage with Gertrude, daughter of Henry the Impious, and heiress of Frederick the Warlike, duke of Austria. Hermann assumed the titles of his wife, which were confirmed to him by Pope Innocent IV., by letters dated at Lyons, 16th October, 1248. He died, as is supposed, by poison, 4th October, 1250, leaving as his heir his infant son, Frederick, then one year old.
Frederick I., Margrave of Baden; born in 1249; died 29th October, 1268. He succeeded his father, Hermann VI., in 1250, under the guardianship of his mother; but, being deprived of her inheritance, they both took shelter at the court of Louis the Severe, duke of Bavaria. Here Frederick contracted an intimate friendship with a young prince about his own age, Conradin, grandson of Frederic II. In 1267, Conradin being induced by the Neapolitans to assist in the war against Charles of Anjou, who had usurped the throne, Frederick resolved to accompany his friend in that fatal expedition. In a sanguinary battle which was fought on the plains of Tagliocozzo, on the 23d Aug.,
