in the election, was obliged to repair to Rome. He there obtained the papal sanction, and was consecrated at Lyons. In 1307 Edward I. made him lord chancellor, but he did not hold this post after the king's death. He wrote "Historia Anglica," an English History, which has perished, and collected the statutes and constitutions of his cathedral church. He built one or two chapels in St. Paul's, and died in 1313.—J. B., O.
BALDOCK, Robert de, was archdeacon of Middlesex, and lord chancellor under Edward II., who nominated him to the see of Norwich. He never held the see, in consequence of a papal provision in another's favour, and was soon after involved in the ruin which overtook his master, having been thrown into prison by the mob, where he died miserably.—J. B., O.
BALDOVINETTI, Alessio, a Florentine painter, born 1425; died 1499. He was a pupil of Pucello, and distinguished himself for the great accuracy of his work. He also worked in mosaic with good results. His greatest glory consists in having been the teacher of Ghirlandajo, the master of Michel Angelo.—R. M.
BALDOVINI, Francesco, born at Florence in 1635, was educated at a jesuit college, and took the degree of doctor of laws at Pisa; became secretary to Cardinal Nini of Vienna, enjoyed several ecclesiastical appointments and dignities, and was member of several academies. He died in 1716. He is remembered chiefly for an eclogue in the patois of Tuscany, entitled "Lamento di cecco da Varlungo," published in 1694 under the name Fiesolano Branducci, an anagram which did not conceal the author, but lessened the scandal of an ecclesiastic writing a story, the subject of which was a comic love adventure. The poem has been often reprinted, as a specimen of the peculiar dialect in which it is written.—J. A., D.
BALDUCCI, Francesco, born at Palermo towards the end of the sixteenth century. From his early youth he cultivated poetry and belles-lettres; but his uneasy disposition made him travel from one place to another, and his prodigality reduced him often to the utmost poverty. To escape from it, he enlisted in the troops of Clement VIII.; but soon wearying of a military life, he repaired to Rome, and sought the protection of the great, from whom he obtained honours and pecuniary rewards. He was the secretary of many highly influential noblemen; but his unstable nature forced him often to change his masters. He wrote both in Latin and Italian; and his works, which are numerous, have been recorded at length by Mazzuchelli. He died in the year 1642.—A. C. M.
BALDUCCI, Giovanni, a Florentine painter, who assumed the surname of Cosci, that of his maternal uncle, in remembrance of the care bestowed on him by the latter during his orphan infancy. Having studied under Naldini, and shown a great versatility of talent, he obtained the patronage of Alexander Medicis (afterwards Pope Leo XI.), whom he followed to Rome. Many are the works that Balducci carried out in his active life, and under so influential a protection. The best are those in the cathedrals of Florence, Volterra, and Pistoja in Tuscany; those at St. Prassede and St. Giovanni Decollate in Rome; and his last production, the picture for the monastery of St. Giovanello at Naples. He died in this last place in 1600.—R. M.
BALDUCCI, Giovanni, an Italian sculptor, painter, and architect of the fourteenth century. A native of Pisa, and a contemporary with Andrea and Nino Pisano, he evidently frequented their school and acquired much of their manner. He worked as a painter in the cathedral of Arezzo, but not with the success that he obtained as a sculptor; as such his masterpiece in the ancient church of St. Eustorgio at Milan, the tomb of St. Peter the martyr, executed in 1339, is one of the most interesting productions of sculpture in Italy during the blending of the intellectual German or Gothic style of the north, with that more florid and elegant of the southern schools. Whilst at Milan, he designed and erected, in 1347, the façade of the church of Brera, now destroyed, which he also ornamented with sculptures, luckily preserved in that academy.—R. M.
BALDUIN, Friederich, a German protestant pastor, professor of theology at Prague, published a "Commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul," and a "Defence of the Confession of Augsburg." Died at Wittenberg in 1627.
BALDUNG, Hans Grien, a German artist, born in 1470 at Gmünden in Suabia; died at Strasbourg in 1545; continued the transition from the old Nüremberger school towards the Alsatian and French manner. He worked a long time in the Brisgau, where amongst others he executed his best picture, the altarpiece for the Munster of Freyburg. The galleries of Vienna, Berlin, and Munich, contain other specimens of his art, remarkable for beauty of colouring, and the characteristic slenderness of his forms. He was also an engraver of merit.—R. M.
BALDWIN I., count of Flanders, was great-grandson of Lyderic, who received the dignity of hereditary forester, or count of Flanders, from Charlemagne. Succeeded a.d. 863.—Baldwin II., son of the preceding, succeeded in 880; died 918.—Baldwin III., grandson of the last, reigned 958-961, during the life of his father, Arnolph I.—Baldwin IV., grandson of the last, reigned 988-1034.—Baldwin V., son of the last, aided his son-in-law, William the Norman, in the conquest of England. Died 1067.—Baldwin VI., called "The Peaceable," son of the last, married Richildis, heiress of Hainault. Died 1070.—Baldwin VII., grandson of Robert, brother of the last, reigned 1112-1119.—Baldwin VIII. of Flanders, IV. of Hainault, inherited the latter territory from Richildis, wife of Baldwin VI., from whom he was fourth in descent, the intermediate generations being all named Baldwin, counts of Hainault; and obtained Flanders by marrying Margaret, heiress of Baldwin VII., reigned 1171-94.—For Baldwin IX., see Baldwin I., emperor of Constantinople. He was the most celebrated of the family. His possessions in the Netherlands subsequently descended to the house of Burgundy.—A. H. P.
BALDWIN I., emperor of Constantinople, was born at Valenciennes in 1171, died in 1206. He was the son of Baldwin, count of Hainault, and Margaret, sister of the count of Flanders. In the year 1200 he took the cross with his brother Thierry, and in 1202 joined the Venetians in their attack upon the eastern capital. He was crowned emperor May 16, 1204, but did not remain long in the metropolis of the empire, having set out in pursuit of Mourzoufle, who still continued to occupy Thrace The latter was captured, and condemned by the new emperor to be cast from the top of a high column. The following year Baldwin was taken prisoner by the king of the Bulgarians, whom the Greeks had enlisted in their favour, and that monarch, having kept him a year in irons, caused his legs and arms to be cut off, and the body to be precipitated from a precipice. Such is one version of his death, but it seems equally probable that he died in prison. Baldwin was much esteemed by the Greeks for his charity, temperance, and justice. He married Mary of Campagne, daughter of the king of France, and left two daughters.—P. E. D.
BALDWIN II., the last Frank emperor of Constantinople, was born in 1217, and died in 1273. He was the son of Pierre de Courtenay, and succeeded his brother Robert in 1228, having associated with him in the empire John of Brienne, count of La Marche, whose daughter he espoused. He was twice besieged in Constantinople, and being too weak to defend his dominions, repaired to Italy to seek aid from the pope. At the court of France he met with a favourable reception from St. Louis, to whom he presented the crown of thorns, which was held by all Christendom to be the genuine relic; and in 1239 set out for Constantinople with a body of crusaders, who soon quitted him and took the route for Palestine. He succeeded in raising some new forces in the West, however, and with these obtained temporary advantages over the emperor of Nicea; but in 1261 Michael Palæologus invested Constantinople, and entered it on the 29th July. Baldwin from his palace saw the city in flames, and in disguise fled to Negropont, and ultimately to Italy, where he died in obscurity. He had one son, Philip, who assumed the vain title of emperor, and died in 1286.—P. E. D.
BALDWIN I., king of Jerusalem, was a native of Flanders, and descended from Baldwin, fifth count of Flanders. In 1096 he accompanied his brother, Godfrey de Bouillon, in the first crusade. In Asia Minor, through which the first crusaders passed, several of the leaders endeavoured to establish principalities for themselves, and here Baldwin disputed with Tancred the possession of Tarsus and Malmistra He succeeded in establishing the county of Edessa, whoso inhabitants had revolted against their ruler, and Edessa remained in the hands of the Latins for forty-seven years. Personal ambition appears to have been his principal motive; and Tasso says of him—"The Eternal sees in Edessa the ambitious Baldwin, who seeks only for human honours, and is devoted to them alone." He took no part in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099; but in 1100 resigned Edessa to Baldwin de Bourg, for the purpose of succeeding Godfrey on the throne of the sacred city. In 1102 a new
