and Bilney and Latimer often preached there, when they were excluded from the pulpit of the university church. Having given great offence to Wolsey by the freedom of his censures, Barnes was apprehended openly in the senate-house, and carried up to London, to answer for his boldness to the powerful cardinal. Accused of heresy in twenty-five articles, as well as of personal insult, he was compelled to make his choice between recantation and death. His firmness gave way; he publicly burned his fagot at St. Paul's, in February, 1525, and was detained a prisoner in the monastery of the Augustinians in Austin Friars. Having ere long recanted his recantation, his life was again in great jeopardy; but he succeeded by a stratagem in effecting his escape to Germany. Repairing to Wittenberg, he applied himself for several years to the study of theology and church history, under Luther and his colleagues, and passed under the name of Doctor Antonius Anglus. When Henry VIII. became desirous, in 1535, of obtaining a favourable judgment from the Saxon divines on the subject of his divorce, and of forming a league with the protestant princes of Germany, Barnes' long residence and good credit in Saxony pointed him out as a suitable agent to be employed in these negotiations. The king appointed him one of his chaplains, and intrusted him with a commission both to the theologians and the princes. Before his return to England, he published at Wittenberg in 1535, his "Vitæ Romanorum Pontificum, quos Papas vocamus," with a preface to the reader by Luther, and an "Epistola Nuncupatoria" to Henry, by Barnes himself. He continued to enjoy the favour of the king for some years after his return home, and was employed by Cromwell to negotiate the marriage of Henry with Anne of Cleves; but the disgust of the fickle monarch with his German bride proved as fatal to Barnes as it did to Cromwell himself. On a complaint being made against him, in 1540, to the king, by Bishop Gardiner, for a somewhat violent sermon which Barnes had preached in reply to one of the bishop's, Henry left his unfortunate chaplain in the hands of his implacable enemy, by whom he was hurried first to the Tower, and then, without trial, to the stake at Smithfield, on the 30th of July. He died with great constancy. His "Confession at the stake" was translated by Luther, and circulated through Germany. His "Sententiæ, sive Christianae Religionis Præcipua Capita," were published at Wittenberg, with a preface by Bugenhagen or Pomeranus. John Bale, who was a fellow-student of Barnes' at Cambridge, gives a list of many other pieces published by him, most of them in English; but the greater part of them would appear to be lost. His "Supplication to the King," with the "Declaration of his Articles condemned for Heresy by the Bishops," is still extant.—P. L.
BARNES, Thomas, for many years editor of the Times during its progress towards the leadership of the press, was born in 1784, the birth-year of his future school-fellow and friend, Leigh Hunt. Educated with the latter at the Blue Coat school, where both had for predecessors Coleridge and Charles Lamb, Barnes so distinguished himself as to be included among the promising pupils sent annually to the universities at the expense of that noble foundation. Pembroke college, Cambridge, was the scene of his academic studies, which he pursued with such success, that when he took his B.A. degree in 1808, he was first in the list of senior optimes. Three years later he graduated as M.A. For the future journalist, whose studies of predilection were not the classics and mathematics, but the literature of his own country, and whose disposition was eminently convivial (Leigh Hunt describes him in after years as engrossed by "his Fielding and his bottle"), the prosecution of a quiet career of university success seems to have had no charm. His natural destination was a literary life, and quitting the university, he repaired to the great metropolis, where he gradually established a connection with the press. During the last years of the continental war, while the Examiner was being maintained by Leigh Hunt at the head of the metropolitan weekly press, Barnes was contributing acute and genial criticisms on our chief poets and novelists to the columns of the unsuccessful Champion, and working in a subordinate capacity on the Times. His marked abilities attracted the attention of the late Mr. Walter, the proprietor of the Times, the son of its founder, and the prime architect of its success. Soon after the dismissal of the late Sir John Stoddart from the editorship, Barnes was appointed to the post, which he retained, and the duties of which he discharged with signal energy and skill for upwards of twenty years. He was not merely the ostensible editor, who represented in public the interests of the journal, and managed its confidential communications with political leaders. Although during his editorship he commanded the best journalistic talent of the country, and was constantly aided by the powerful pen of the late Captain Sterling, Barnes found leisure and inclination, amid the toils of responsible editorship, to contribute extensively to the columns of the Times. His elaborate characters of public men, were always a prominent feature of the leading journal, and among them may be cited the celebrated sketch of Lord Brougham, published after the diffusion in 1839 of the false report of his lordship's death. In short, to Thomas Barnes, quite as much as to Anthony Sterling, or to the second John Walter, may be ascribed the commanding position which the Times occupied in the journalism of the world. In the famous defection of the Times from the whigs during the last years of the reign of William IV., Barnes was largely concerned. It drew down upon him a vast amount of public unpopularity; but he did not forfeit in consequence the attachment of the "liberal" friends of his youth, with whom to the last his personal relations were of the most amicable kind. Not the least remarkable circumstance in the career of Barnes was, that although by temperament and habit a convivialist (in allusion to his frailties, O'Connell used to designate him "gin-drinkingest Barnes"), and although the duties of an editor of a leading daily newspaper demand the closest and most persistent application, yet Barnes succeeded in harmonizing self-indulgence with the unremitting discharge of his onerous and responsible functions. He had become a co-proprietor of the Times, when he died in his fifty-seventh year, at his house in Soho Square, on the 7th of May, 1841. He had long been suffering from a painful disease, and sank under an operation performed the morning of his death.—(Gentleman's Magazine for July, 1841; Herodotus Smith; Sketches of the Periodical and Newspaper Press, &c. &c.)—F. E.
* BARNETT, John, a musician, was born at Bedford, July 1, 1802. He is distinguished as being the first Englishman who produced an opera in the modern form, in which the music throughout illustrates the action, in which an extensive technical design embodies a continuous dramatic expression. His mother was a Hungarian, and his father a Prussian, whose name was Bernhard Beer, which was changed to Barnett Barnett on his settlement in this country as a jeweller. John in his infancy showed a most powerful disposition for music, and though, as his childhood advanced, he proved to have a fine alto voice, nothing was done to cultivate his natural ability until, when he was eleven years old, he was introduced to Louis Goldsmith, editor of the Antigallican Monitor, who at once perceived in him so strong an indication of talent, as induced him to take the boy to S. J. Arnold, proprietor of the Lyceum Theatre, whom he easily persuaded to enter into articles with his parents, engaging to provide him with musical instruction in return for his services as a singer. Immediately upon the signing of this agreement, with but two days to study his part, the young vocalist appeared upon the stage at the Lyceum, and continued a very successful career until the breaking of his voice. Meantime his tuition, which had been intrusted, first to C. E. Horn, the singer and composer, and afterward to Price, the chorusmaster of Drury Lane, had been successively neglected by both of them, and he owed entirely to his own loving perseverance in the study, the already remarkable progress he made in composition. He wrote two masses, and many lighter pieces, some of which, that were published while he was yet a boy, prove the early existence of that talent which has since been advantageously developed. After his term with Arnold, he took some pianoforte lessons of Perez, organist of the Spanish embassy, and, subsequently, of Ferdinand Ries, from whom also he learned something of harmony, and this was the first earnest instruction he received. He went on writing, and produced many songs, of which some became extremely popular. It was not, however, in the fame of popular song-writing that his emulous spirit was to be satisfied; he felt the aspirations of a true artist, and few as were the opportunities this country then presented for their fulfilment, by taking advantage of every occasion that arose to bring himself before the public, he in time wrought out that position as a dramatic composer, in which he stands among the foremost of his countrymen. His first theatrical essay was the musical farce of "Before Breakfast," produced at the Lyceum in 1825, the success of which led to his writing many other
