government. After much debate, the chancellor prevailed upon O'Neill to submit to the terms proposed, and to disband his forces. Lord Trimleston died on the 25th July, 1538.—J. F. W.
BARNEWALL, Nicholas, first Viscount Kingsland, was a member of the ancient family of that name, long established at Turvey in Ireland. When the rebellion broke out in Ireland, he obtained a commission to raise soldiers for the defence of the county of Dublin. He rendered efficient service to the royal cause, and was created baron of Turvey and Viscount Barnewall of Kingsland in 1645; he died in 1663.—J. F. W.
BARNEWALL, Nicholas, grandson of the former, and third Viscount Kingsland, was born in 1668. He espoused the cause of James, and held a captain's commission in the earl of Limerick's regiment of dragoons; his adherence to the Stuarts caused him to be outlawed. He was present at the battle of the Boyne, after which he went to Limerick, where he continued during the siege of that town, and until its surrender. In consequence of the articles of treaty upon that occasion, within which he was comprehended, he procured the reversal of his outlawry in 1697. After the settlement, he took the oath of allegiance to King William III., but he did not take his seat as a peer, by reason of his refusing upon a scruple of conscience to take the oath, and make and subscribe the declaration according to the act made in England. In 1703 he joined with the Roman catholics in a petition against the passing of the act to prevent the further growth of their religion. Died in 1725.—J. F. W.
BARNEWALL, Robert, fifth Baron Trimleston, like most of his ancestors, was prominently engaged in the political troubles which disturbed Ireland in the reign of Elizabeth and her predecessors, and he is highly spoken of by the historians of these times. In 1561, he was joined in commission with the archbishop of Dublin, and other lords, for the preservation of the peace of the pale, during the absence of the Lord Deputy Sussex. Hollinshed gives the following account of him:—"He was a rare nobleman, and endowed with sundry good gifts, who, having well wedded himself to the reformation of his country, was resolved for the whetting of his wit, which, nevertheless, was pregnant and quick, by a short trade and method he took in his study to have sipt up the very sap of the common law, and upon this determination, sailing into England, sickened shortly after at a worshipful matron's house at Combury, named Margaret Tiler, where he was, to the great grief of all his country, pursued with death, when the weal of his country had most need of his life." This event took place in 1573.—J. F. W.
BARNFIELD, Richard, a poet, who lived at the close of the Elizabethan era. Little is known of his life, but it would appear that he was born about 1574, and graduated at Oxford in 1592. It has been conjectured that he was destined for the profession of law, and was a member of Gray's Inn. In 1594 he published his "Affectionate Shepherd," and in the following year "Cynthia," which contains the famous ode, "As it fell upon a day," which was attributed to Shakspeare, and printed in the Passionate Pilgrim in 1595. There can, however, be little doubt that Barnfield was the author of the ode. He included it in his next volume, which appeared in 1595, and in an altered form in 1605, it is named the "Encomion of Lady Pecunia." This is the last work we have from his pen, and though the date of his death is not anywhere recorded, it has been conjectured with some probability that it happened soon after the publication of the "Encomion."—J. B.
BAROCCIO, Alfonso, surnamed Gatta, a native of Ferrara, was born in 1531. He studied rhetoric and the humanities, and became a good Greek scholar that he might thoroughly understand Plato and Aristotle. Under the celebrated Vincenzio Maggi he acquired a great knowledge of medicine and philosophy; and was subsequently appointed to the professorship in these faculties, which he filled for forty-five years, at the same time attending diligently to his practice. He was invited to accept a lectureship in the university of Padua, and also at Bologna, but he declined both offices from attachment to his native city. His reputation was so high that the duke of Mirandola induced Baroccio to attend upon him through a long illness, during which time he employed his leisure in composing his work "De Sanitate Tuenda," which has, however, never been published. He was well read in astronomy, and had a taste for poetry. The historiographer of the Uomini Illustri di Ferrara calls him a "rare philosopher, and an eloquent orator;" but while we must make large allowance for national partiality, there is no doubt that he was a man of great and varied attainments. He died in 1606 in his native city.—J. F. W.
BAROCCIO, Ambrogio, a Milanese painter and sculptor of the 15th century, established at Urbino, and from whom the Barocci family of artists of that town are descendants.—R. M.
BAROCCIO, Federigo, and more correctly F. Fiori, surnamed il Baroccio, on account of his connection with the family of that name, one of the great Italian painters of the 16th century, was born at Urbino in 1528; died in 1612. Not entirely free from the mannered tendency of the time, he strove to introduce into his style a greater depth of feeling than was usually exhibited in those days; and, by a successful imitation of Coreggio, excelled in grace and sweetness of types, as well as in transparency and harmony of colour, and in skilful treatment of shadows, copied from small lay figures, which his early education as a sculptor enabled him to model in wax. He possessed both correctness of design and sound judgment of composition. With so many qualities, it is to be regretted that he did not succeed in a more faithful adherence to nature, and in avoiding a certain exaggeration of muscular forms, which are the only faults to be found in his numerous masterpieces, amongst which are considered most important the "St. Michelina;" the "St. Philip at Rome;" the "St. Francis with the stigmata;" "Christ with the Magdalen;" the "Herodias" in the Florentine gallery; and the "Hagar in the Desert" at Dresden.—R. M.
BARON, Bonaventure, an Irish monk, who lived in the seventeenth century, was born in Clonmel in the county of Tipperary. His real name was Fitzgerald; and he was descended from a branch of that family which have given many distinguished men to Ireland. His uncle, Luke Wadding, a learned Franciscan, took charge of his education, and sent him to Rome, where he entered a convent of that order. He wrote in Latin with elegance and purity, and published many works in that language, both in prose and verse. At length he lost his sight, and died at Rome in the year 1696, at a very advanced age.—J. F. W.
BARON, Hyacinthe Theodore, a French physician, born at Paris in 1686; died the 29th June, 1758. He became professor of surgery and materia medica in Paris, and afterwards dean of the faculty in 1739. He instituted several useful reforms in the course of instruction, founded the library of the faculty, and caused the codes to be printed. He wrote several works.—E. L.
BARON, John, M.D., F.R.S., was an intimate friend of the celebrated Dr. Jenner, and published an account of his life; London, 1827-38, 2 vols. 8vo. He was also the author of two works on tuberculous diseases. He died in 1851.—T. F.
BARONI, Cavalcabo Clemente, a member of a noble family settled near Roveredo in Italy, was born on the 23d of November, 1726. He studied in the universities of Bologna and Padua, and applied himself diligently to the study of Latin, as well as his native language; composed in both those tongues in verse as well as in prose; and also translated some works from the former. At the age of twenty-one, he wrote his first original work, "Intorno all Ceremoni ed ai Complimenti degli Antichi Romani," which Mazzuchelli pronounces a very learned treatise. It was published about three years afterwards. While attached to belles-lettres, Baroni did not omit the study of philosophical subjects, and took a part in the discussion on demonology, which a work of his friend and neighbour Tartarottè gave rise to, whose views he supported to some extent. At the same time he published an essay, "Del Impotenza del Demonio," in which he maintained the fallacy of attributing certain physical feats to demoniacal agency. Maffei was so impressed with the ability of this composition, that he sought for the personal acquaintance of its author, who went to Verona, the only journey he ever made, to visit the veteran scholar. In the contest between Maupertius and Zanotti upon the essay of the former on moral philosophy, Baroni entered the lists in support of the essay, and wrote numerous letters on the subject, which were subsequently collected and published at Venice in 1757. He wrote several treatises on moral philosophy and metaphysics, of which many are unpublished. To the exertions and influence of Baroni are principally due the establishment of the Academia degli Agiati at Roveredo in 1750. He was appointed "revisore" in it, and read from time to time many scientific and literary dissertations there. He died in 1796.—J. F. W.
BARONIUS, Cæsar, the famous historian and cardinal, was born at Sora in Naples, 31st October, 1538. His father and mother were both of noble families. His education was begun
