1761, and again from 1765 to 1778. He was also chancellor of the exchequer for a short time, under the duke of Newcastle in 1761-62, and for many years held the posts of one of the lords of the admiralty and treasurer of the navy. He died February 1, 1793, after a long life spent in the discharge of his official duties with more than ordinary ability.—E. W.
BARRIOS or BARIOS, Daniel Levi or Michel, a Spanish theologian and poet, of Jewish origin, lived at Amsterdam in the 17th century. He wrote a "Universal History of the Jews," and an account of Jewish literature in Spain.
BARROS, Joaō de, born at Lisbon of a noble family. His childhood was spent at the court of King Emanuel, with the pages and princes of that monarch. He soon displayed a decided taste for history. When scarcely twenty-four years of age, he wrote a historical novel entitled "El Emperaōr Clarimondi," which, although defective in æsthetic power, still charms the reader by the purity and elegance of its style. King Emanuel foresaw in Barros the eminent historian of Portugal, and encouraged him to write the history of the discoveries and conquests of the Portuguese. John in., at his accession to the throne, conferred on his protege and friend, the governorship of the Portuguese Guiana, and on his return from Africa, he raised him to the general treasurership of the colonies, and soon after bestowed on him the important dignity of colonial secretary, which office he filled for thirty-eight years. It was during that long and honourable office that Barros wrote, in forty books, "The History of the Conquests of Portugal in Asia and Africa;" the first part of which he published in 1552, a year before the departure of Camoëns for India. The second part was published a short time before his death, which happened at Alitem, his country residence, in the year 1571.—A. C. M.
BARROSO, Miguel, a Spanish painter of considerable merit and extraordinary erudition, born at Consuegra in Old Castile in 1538; died in Madrid in 1590. He was pupil of Becerra, and strove to imitate Correggio, in which endeavour, but for a want of vigour and a mistaken method of light and shadow, he would have been very successful.—R. M.
* BARROT, Camille Hyacinthe Odilon, a French statesman, son of Jean André Barrot, was born at Villefort in 1791, educated at Saint Cyr, and afterwards at the Lycée Napoleon. He was admitted a member of the court of cassation in 1814, and continued to practise as avocat till 1831. In 1830 he was one of three commissioners whom the provisional government intrusted with the duty of conveying the royal family to Cherbourg. His subsequent career, chequered by the events connected with the rise and downfall of the younger branch of the Bourbons, has been that of an accommodating, if not a vacillating politician. In the reign of Louis Philippe, he was the recognized leader of the party known as the Gauche moderée, in which character he declaimed in the assembly against the reactionary policy of the king, and in public patronized the reform banquets and other political demonstrations which led to the overthrow of the monarchy in 1848. At that epoch, supporting the rights of the count of Paris to the crown, and those of the duchess of Orleans to the regency, he undertook with M. Thiers to form a cabinet. The attempt failed, and Barrot, minister for a few hours, became, on the 10th December, president of the council under Louis Napoleon. He was superseded in the following year, the policy of the president, it was supposed, requiring agents still more flexible than M. Barrot. Since 1851 he has withdrawn from public life.—J. S., G.
* BARROT, Ferdinand, brother of the preceding, was named secretary-general to Louis Napoleon immediately after his election. In 1849 he became minister of the interior, and held that office till March following. Since 1852 he has been connected with the department of public works, agriculture, and commerce.—J. S., G.
BARROT, Jean André, father of Odilon Barrot, was a member of the convention in 1792. He voted against the party of the regicides. As a member of the chamber of deputies in 1814-15, he took an active part against Napoleon. After the restoration, he obtained an important magisterial appointment. Died in 1845.—J. S., G.
BARROW, Isaac, a celebrated divine and mathematician, was the son of Mr. Thomas Barrow, a citizen of London, where he was born in October, 1630. His education commenced at the Charterhouse, where he remained two or three years without evincing anything remarkable, except an inclination for quarrelling and idle sports. Being removed to a school at Felstead in Essex, he made so great progress in learning, that his master procured him an appointment to the office of private tutor to Lord Viscount Fairfax in Ireland. In 1643 he was admitted a pensioner of St. Peter's college at Cambridge; of which college, his uncle, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph was fellow; but in 1645 he removed to Trinity college. At this time he was in great difficulties, his father and relatives having sustained heavy losses in consequence of their attachment to the royal cause; so that his chief support was from the liberality of Dr. Hammond. It would appear that he was very diligent and persevering in his studies, devoting himself chiefly to science, especially natural philosophy, and conducting himself with all prudence and moderation as well as respectful deference to his superiors, though he and they belonged to opposite parties; for he would not take the covenant, but continued a royalist like his relatives. In 1649 he was chosen fellow of his college, an appointment owing to his merit as a scholar, and to his general behaviour, which had procured him the good-will of the governors of the university, though the principles of his party were obnoxious to them. Soon after his election, finding that the times were unfavourable to men of his sentiments respecting church and state, he resolved to devote himself to medicine, and accordingly studied for some years anatomy, botany, and chemistry; after which he studied chronology geometry, and astronomy; but afterwards, by the advice of his uncle, the bishop of St. Asaph, and on mature deliberation, he abandoned all idea of the medical profession, determining to make divinity the object of his studies, in connection with mathematics and astronomy. To these he also joined poetry. When Duport resigned the chair of Greek professor, he recommended his pupil for his successor; but the latter being suspected of an inclination towards Arminianism, did not obtain the office. Owing to this disappointment, and probably other causes, he resolved to go abroad; and to defray the expenses of his journey sold his books. Accordingly he set out in 1655, visiting France and Italy. In 1656 he took ship at Leghorn for Smyrna, whence he proceeded to Constantinople. Here he remained above a year, during which time he read overall the works of St. Chrysostom, once bishop of that see, whose writings he preferred to all the fathers. Returning from Turkey to Venice, he came home through Germany and Holland in 1659. Soon after he was ordained by Bishop Brownrig, though the church of England was then at a low ebb; but the king was soon restored, and therefore his friends naturally expected preferment for one who had suffered so much in the royal cause. In this respect, however, their expectations were disappointed. Yet he wrote an ode on his majesty's restoration, in which Britannia is introduced congratulating the king on his return. In the year 1660 he was chosen to the Greek professorship at Cambridge, and read lectures on the rhetoric of Aristotle. His lectures were lent to a friend, who never returned them, so that they were lost. In 1662 he was elected to the professorship of geometry at Gresham college, on the recommendation of Dr. Wilkins. Here he not only discharged the proper duties of his office, but supplied the place of his colleague, Dr. Pope, the astronomical professor. In 1663 he was in the first list of members made by the Royal Society after receiving their charter; and was appointed in the same year first Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge. At this time he resigned his Greek and Gresham professorships. In 1669 he resigned the mathematical chair to his illustrious friend, Isaac Newton, in order that he might devote his attention entirely to divinity. In 1670 he was created doctor in divinity by royal mandate; and in 1672 became master of Trinity by the king's order, who observed, that "he had bestowed it on the best scholar in England." The patent for his mastership was drawn in such a way as to permit him to marry; but he caused the permissive clause to be erased, as inconsistent with the statutes of the college. On this occasion he parted with a small sinecure in Wales, given him by his uncle, and a prebend in the cathedral of Salisbury, the emoluments of which he had bestowed in charity, because his relations were then no longer necessitous. In 1675 he was chosen vice-chancellor of the university; and on the 4th of May, 1677, while in London, died of fever, in the forty-seventh year of his age. His mortal remains were interred in Westminster abbey, where a monument was erected to his memory at the expense of his friends.
In person Barrow was below the middle height, lean, and of pale aspect. His dress was very slovenly. He was simple,
