is for you, who bear arms against your prince, your country, and your oath."—P. E. D.
BAYEN Y JUBIAS, Don Francisco, one of the best Spanish painters of the eighteenth century, born in 1734 at Saragoza, where he studied at first under Luxan. The academy of San Fernando of Madrid having offered an extraordinary prize for painters, young Bayen sent his specimen to Don Juan de Mena, a sculptor attached to that institution, requesting him, if he thought it good enough, to enter it for the competition. This work having been seen by the other artists who intended competing, they were deterred from coming forward, and thus Bayen received the prize and a pension that enabled him to go to Madrid, where he studied under Velasquez and Mengs, the court painters. The latter intrusted him with some works for the royal palaces, and by his advices still more improved the young artist's style. Elected a member of the academy, he was afterwards appointed its director by the king, who also gave him the title of court painter. His works are remarkable for correctness of design, excellent disposition of the composition, nobleness and expression of the figures, and especially for their harmony of colour. Many of them are in the new palace of Madrid, in those at the Pardo, and at Aranjuez, and in the churches both of Madrid and of his native town. Died in 1795.—R. M.
BAYEN Y JUBIAS, Don Ramon, brother of the preceding, was also a distinguished painter; studied and worked under Don Francisco, and assisted him especially in the pictures for the cathedral of the Pilar. Died at Aranjuez in 1793.—R. M.
BAYER, Francisco Perez, an antiquarian, born in Valencia (Spain) in 1711; died in 1794. He was successively professor of Hebrew at the university of Salamanca, canon of Toledo, tutor to the infanta, Don Gabriel, and conservator of the library of Madrid. He was author of a "Catalogue of the Escurial Library," and of some antiquarian essays.
BAYER, Gottlieb S., an orientalist, distinguished for his acquaintance with almost every eastern language, was born at Königsberg, 1694. After extensive travel, he went to St. Petersburg in 1726, where he taught for some time, and died there on 21st Feb., 1738. He has left many works of merit both in history and antiquities.—J. F. W.
BAYER, Johann, born at Augsburg in the latter part of the sixteenth century, was a distinguished protestant preacher, and so stout a defender of the church that he was called "Os Protestantium." Under the title "Uranometria" he published an atlas of astronomy (Augsburg, 1603), consisting of fifty-one maps, in which he not only gave complete and accurate descriptions of the constellations, but also introduced the denomination of the stars by the letters of the Greek alphabet, by which he essentially promoted the knowledge of the heavens.—K. E.
BAYER, John, born near Eperies in Hungary, in the first half of the sixteenth century, studied at Toul, and was successively schoolmaster and pastor in his own country. He was strenuously opposed to the philosophy of Aristotle, as adapted only to give rise to endless discussions; and endeavoured to construct a physical theory of the universe, based on the Mosaic records. The world, as at present existing, he traces to the combination of three principles—the Mosaic mass (or matter), vital spirit, and light. The philosophy of Bayer furnishes a conspicuous example of the absurdities at which misdirected subtlety can arrive.—J. D. E.
BAYER DE BOPPART, Conrad, bishop of Metz from 1451 till his death in 1459. He aided René of Anjou in his wars with the count of Vaudemont, and was taken prisoner at the battle of Balgneville. In the year 1438, during which René was prosecuting his wars in Italy, Bayer governed Anjou, but being calumniated by some of the prince's advisers, he was treacherously seized, beaten with rods, and thrown into prison. The inhabitants of Metz paid his ransom, and furnished him with the means of taking vengeance on his enemies.—J. S., G.
BAYER DE BOPPART, Thierry, bishop of Metz, died in 1384. He was ambassador from Charles IV. to Rome, and took part in the emperor's war against the duke of Milan.
BAYES, Thomas, a presbyterian minister, for some time assistant to his father, Joshua Bayes, but afterwards settled as pastor of a congregation at Tunbridge Wells, where he died, April 17, 1761. He was F.R.S., and distinguished as a mathematician. He took part in the controversy on fluxions against Bishop Berkeley, by publishing an anonymous pamphlet, entitled "An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and Defence of the Mathematicians against the Author of the Analyst," London, 1736, 8vo. He is the author of two mathematical papers in the Philosophical Transactions. An anonymous tract by him, under the title of "Divine Benevolence," in reply to one on Divine Rectitude, by John Balguy, likewise anonymous, attracted much attention.—T. F.
BAYEUX, George, a French writer, born at Caen about 1752. The notes which he appended to a translation of Ovid throw light on the civil and religious habits of the Romans. The famous Necker gave him a post in the finance department, and in 1789 Bayeux began to take notes of the Revolution, calculated to serve the historian of that extraordinary period. Besides a translation of Martial and other Roman authors, he composed different treatises on subjects connected with antiquity, to the study of which he seemed particularly devoted. Unfortunately for him he was nominated king's commissioner and procureur-general for the department of Calondos, which marked him out to the fury of the republicans, who threw him into prison, and put him to death on the 6th September, 1792.—J. F. C.
* BAYHOFFER, Karl Theodor, was born at Marburg, 14th October, 1812. He devoted himself to the study of jurisprudence and philosophy, and was appointed professor of philosophy in the university of his native town. In his numerous philosophical works he showed himself an enthusiastic and talented follower of Hegel. Since 1845 he took a prominent part in the German catholic movement, and published a number of pamphlets in favour of the new sect, in consequence of which he was soon after suspended from office. In 1848 he eagerly took the radical side, and became one of the leaders of that party in the Hessian diet, of which he was chosen president in 1850. The diet was dissolved, and Bayhoffer, being about to be prosecuted, fled to America. His principal works are—"Grundprobleme der Metaphysik," 1835; "Idee des Christenshums," 1836; "Idee und Geschichte der Philosophie," 1838; "Beitràge yur Naturphilosophie," &c.—K. E.
BAYLE, Antoine Laurent Jessé, a French physician, and nephew to Gaspard Laurent Bayle, was born January 13, 1799, at Vernet (Basses Alpes). He studied at Paris under Laennec. In 1824 he founded the Revue Médicale, in which he combated the physiological doctrines of the day. In 1827 he was nominated a professor in the faculty of Paris. He has written several works, and has been the chief editor of the Encyclopedia of the Sciences, 1835-1846, 40 volumes.—E. L.
BAYLE, Gaspard Laurent, a French physician, born at Vernet in Provence, August 18, 1774, and died at Paris, May 4, 1816. He was destined by his family for the church, but he renounced that idea very soon, and studied the law. In 1779 he became secretary of administration in the district of Digne. Having in this office to harangue the representatives Barras and Freron, who were sent by the convention, he was afraid of the language that he had uttered, and fled to hide himself at Montpellier, where he studied medicine. In 1793 he returned to Paris, where he received his degree as doctor of medicine. In 1801 he was nominated physician to La Charité, and afterwards became physician to the emperor. Among highly esteemed articles inserted in the medical journals, and in the Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, he has written a treatise on the malignant pustule, and another on consumption. This latter book quite established the reputation of the author, and has been reproduced (Paris, 1838, in 8vo), with other works of Bayle, in the Encyclopedie des Sciences Médicales. The "Traité des Maladies Cancéreuses," a posthumous work, of which the first volume only has appeared, was edited and published by the nephew of the author (Paris, 1853, in 8vo), and ought to have extended to three volumes. M. Cazol was appointed by Bayle himself to superintend this publication; but his numerous occupations prevented him.—E. L.
BAYLE, Pierre, a famous philosopher and critic, was born Nov. 18, 1647, at Carla, in the department of L'Ariège. His father, a protestant minister, devoted much care to his early education. Like most boys brought up under the paternal roof, he does not seem to have been rigidly restricted to a particular course of studies; for, being left pretty much to follow the bent of his inclination, he devoured all books that came in his way. The immense, but somewhat desultory erudition, with the loose and unsystematic principles which mark the writings and conduct of the author of the "Philosophical and Critical Dictionary," may probably be traced to the habits so acquired in his early
