seller at Rome. He made several engravings after eminent painters, as Giulio Romano and Teodoro Ghigi. He was born at Brussels in 1526.
ÆLST or AALST, Paul van, a Flemish painter of the 16th century, the son and pupil of Peter Kock. He was particularly skilful in painting still-life and flowers. Fine specimens from his hand are to be seen in the galleries of London and Florence.
ÆLST or AALST, William van, a Dutch painter, nephew and pupil of Everard Van, born in 1620, travelled, when young, in France and Italy, and obtained the friendship of many foreigners of high distinction; returned to Holland loaded with presents, and won high reputation as a painter of fruits and flowers.
ÆMI´LIA, Juliana, a German writer of sacred poetry, born in 1637. She was the daughter of Albert Frederic, count of Barby, and in 1665 married the count of Schwarzburgh-Rudolstadt. Some of her pieces are to be found in the hymn books used in the service of the protestant churches of Saxony and Thuringia. The countess died in 1706.
ÆMI´LIA, Tertia, third daughter of the elder Paulus Æmilius who was killed at the battle of Cannæ, wife of the first Scipio Africanus, and parent of Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi, became memorable for her conjugal affection and domestic virtues. After her death, her fortune, which was immense, fell to her adoptive grandson, the younger Scipio Africanus, who made it over to his mother Papiria, after her divorce from his father, the second Paulus Æmilius.—E. M.
ÆMILIA´NUS, Alexander or Alexandrinus, prefect of Egypt in the reigns of Valerianus and Gallienus. He revolted, with his province, from the imperial government, and for some time was successful, but was at last defeated, and by command of Gallienus strangled in a dungeon.
ÆMILIA´NUS, a Christian of Mœsia, put to death in 362, under Julian, for having set fire to a heathen temple.
ÆMILIA´NUS, a native of Nice in Asia Minor, author of three epigrams in the "Greek Anthology." The precise time when he flourished is uncertain.
ÆMILIA´NUS, a Roman emperor, born in Mauritania about 206. Having, while governor of Pannonia and Mœsia under Gallus, vanquished the barbarians who had invaded his province, he distributed the spoils among his troops, who proclaimed him emperor. Gallus, marching against the usurper, was, with his son, massacred at Interamna by his own troops, and Æmilianus was acknowledged as emperor by the senate. After a reign of two or three months, he died at Spoleto, but whether by a natural or violent death is uncertain.—E. M.
ÆMI´LIUS. See Barbula,—Lepidus,—Mamercus or Mamercinus,—Papus,—Paulus,—Regillus,—Soaurus.
ÆMI´LIUS or ÆMILIA´NUS, a Christian physician and martyr, put to death in 484 by Humeric, king of the Vandals, with frightful tortures, which, though he was of great age, he endured triumphantly.
ÆMI´LIUS, a Christian martyr, suffered in Africa under the Emperor Severus in 205.
ÆMI´LIUS, Antonius, a distinguished professor of history, a disciple of Vossius and friend of Descartes, and author of various Latin poems and a collection of harangues, was born at Aix-la-Chapelle in 1589.
ÆMI´LIUS, George, a relative of Luther, and author of a paraphrase of the four gospels in Latin verse, entitled "Evangelia Heroico Carmine Reddita;" born at Mansfeld in 1517.
ÆMI´LIUS, Julius Cordus, a Roman historian in the reign of Maximianus (a.d. 287).
ÆMI´LIUS, Parthenianus, a Roman historian, author of a work, "De iis qui Tyrannidem Affectarunt."
ÆMI´LIUS, Sura, a chronologist, who wrote a work "De Annis populi Romani."
ÆNÆ, Henry, a Dutch technologist, born at Oldemardum in 1743, died at Amsterdam 1812. He studied at Leyden, and rose to considerable eminence in his profession; he has left some works on various branches of practical physics.
ÆNEAS, one of the princes who defended Troy. He was the son of Anchises, and married Creusa, the daughter of King Priam. He did many brave deeds during the Trojan war, and on one occasion encountered the great Achilles himself. In the Iliad, however, he occupies but a subordinate rank among the heroes of whom Homer sings; and by several writers, Strabo among the number, we find him accused of preserving his life by treachery, and of being associated with Antenor in betraying his country to the Greeks. He is most celebrated for his exploits after he left the burning city, though some writers affirm that he remained there, rebuilt the ruins, and reigned over the remnant of the Trojans. In Virgil's well-known epic, of which he is the hero, and in the writings of various Latin poets, a different destiny is assigned him. They delight to surround his name with every heroic attribute, and to adorn his story with romantic incident, for they look upon him as the father of their nation, tracing to him the line of Lavinian kings, from whom the builder of Rome is alleged to have sprung. According to them, on the fatal night when Troy was taken, Æneas escaped with his household gods, bearing the old Anchises on his shoulders, and leading his son Ascanius by his side. After many wanderings by sea and land, to which he was doomed by the cruelty of the revengeful Juno, who hated all the Trojan race;—after losing both his wife and father, the latter of whom he buried in Sicily, and from whose shade he learned the fates of his posterity, he arrived at the Tiber, under the guidance of his divine mother Venus. There he settled with his followers, on the dominions of Lavinius. That king received him favourably, and promised to give him his daughter Lavinia in marriage. This excited the jealousy of Turnus, king of the Rutuli, to whom the princess had been before betrothed. The rivals went to war, and, after many battles, Æneas was victorious, killing Turnus in single combat. He then married Lavinia, and built the town of Lavinium, which he so named in honour of his wife. After the death of his father-in-law, he succeeded to the throne, and founded the dynasty of Alba Longan kings. The details of this story vary in different authors. The poem of Virgil closes with the defeat of Turnus, and among other writers the manner of the death of Æneas is variously related. Some affirm that he fell in battle with the Etrurians, while others represent him as being drowned, or, rather, as disappearing in the river Numicus. His subjects awarded him the honours of divinity, and worshipped him as Jupiter Indiges.—J. B.
ÆNEAS, surnamed "The Tactician," flourished about the 104th Olympiad, and, according to Casaubon, is the same with Æneas of Stymphalus, who reigned in Arcadia about 360 b.c. This is rendered probable by the circumstance that, in his work on military tactics, he refers only to those implements of war which were employed in the time of Aristotle, and to none of those subsequently invented. The greater part of his writings have been lost, but the portion of them still extant is highly interesting to archæologists.
ÆNEAS, Gazæus, a native of Gaza, who lived in the fifth century. He was originally a zealous Platonist, but became a convert to Christianity. He has given a description of the persecution of the Christians by Hermerich, king of the Vandals. In addition to his 25 letters, he wrote a small work entitled "Theophrastus," which consists of a dialogue on the immortality of the soul, and the resurrection of the body.—F.
ÆNEAS, Sylvius. See Pius II.
ÆNESIDEMUS, a philosopher of the school of Pyrrho, born at Gnossus in Crete, about 50 b.c. He taught the Alexandrian philosophy, and composed, according to Diogenes Laertius, eight books on the sceptical systems, of which Photius has preserved some fragments.
ÆNETIUS, Jacob, a Lutheran scholar and preacher of the sixteenth century. Theophilus, his son, born at Meissen in 1574, held various offices, and died, 1631, professor at Jena.
ÆPINUS, Francis Ulric Theodore, born at Rostock, 13th December, 1724, died at Dorpat, 1802. He was a physician of considerable reputation, and belonged to a family distinguished in the history of literature, and especially in that of protestant theology.—(See Æpinus, John.) Æpinus devoted himself chiefly to the study of natural philosophy and mathematics, and some able treatises which he published procured him the honour of being appointed a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1757 he became a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and professor of natural philosophy at St. Petersburg, where he gained a high reputation. He was honoured with the special notice of Catherine II., who appointed him mathematical tutor to her son, Paul Petrovich, and inspector-general of normal schools. His works consist of treatises on electricity and magnetism, and on the distribution of heat, and he exhibited much ingenuity in the improvement and invention of an apparatus for physical experiments.—F.
