a probationary course, he was elected in June, 1813. The chemical classes of St. George's hospital and of the Windmill Street medical school were soon afterwards transferred to the Royal Institution, so that, in addition to the weekly lectures in the theatre of the institution, Mr. Brande gave an extended course of lectures and demonstrations in the laboratory of that establishment. In 1820 Mr. Faraday became associated with Mr. Brande in this course of lectures, which for many years were justly regarded as the best on the subject in London. Mr. Brande now devoted himself entirely to lecturing and chemical pursuits. Having, in 1812, been requested to report upon the laboratories belonging to the Society of Apothecaries in London, he was shortly afterwards appointed professor of chemistry and materia medica to that corporation; and in 1851 he became master of the company. He edited, conjointly with Mr. Faraday, the Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts, from its commencement in 1816 till 1836. In 1825 he was appointed to the office of superintendent of the die department in the Royal Mint, and was also intrusted with the supervision of the machinery of that establishment. In 1836 he was named one of the original fellows of the university of London, and a member of the senate of that body; and in 1846 he became one of their examiners, an office which he resigned in 1858. On the installation of Lord Derby as chancellor of the university of Oxford, Mr. Brande received the honorary degree of doctor of civil laws in that university. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and a member of several other British and foreign societies. He is the author of a dictionary of pharmacy and materia medica, and in 1842 he undertook the editorship of the Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art. But the most important work he has published is his "Manual of Chemistry," which contains a faithful digest of the facts and discoveries of the science up to the date of publication, and an explicit exposition of its fundamental principles and laws. It has passed through six editions, and been translated into French, German, and Italian, and deservedly ranks as one of the best treatises on chemistry in the English language. As a lucid expositor of science Mr. Brande has been eminently distinguished. Few scientific men have enjoyed so prolonged and so successful a career. He may be regarded as a connecting link between the brilliant period of Davy, Wollaston, and Hope, when inorganic chemistry was most zealously cultivated, and that of Faraday and Graham, when the physical department was most fertile in discovery; while his vigorous intellect still keeps pace with those extensive researches in the domain of organic chemistry, which have recently changed the aspect of the science, and yielded a rich harvest of results from the products of animal and vegetable life.—F. P.
BRANDAO, Alexander, a Portuguese historian of the second half of the seventeenth century; wrote "Istoria delle guerre di Portogallo," &c., 1689.
BRANDAO, Antonio, a celebrated historian, was born in Portugal on the 25th of April, 1584. He entered the order of St. Bernard, and was appointed to teach sacred history at Coïmbra, where he became abbot of Alcobaça. He continued the History of Portugal by Bernardo di Brito, and was appointed royal historiographer. Died in 1637.—A. C. M.
BRANDENBURG, Electors of. The margraviate of Brandenburg in the time of Cæsar was inhabited by the Suevi, one of the most warlike of the German races. They claimed the whole territory between the Baltic and the Rhine and Danube. Somewhat later, the two Marks, the Old and the Middle Mark, into which this extensive region was divided, were known to the Romans as respectively peopled by the Langobardi and the Suevi. Both nations subsequently following the stream of northern rapacity into Italy, their deserted homes were taken possession of by the Vandals or Slavonians, who, with an interval of a hundred years or more, in which they were under subjection to the Franks, held the Middle Mark till 789, when they fell under the sway of Charlemagne. They were not completely subdued, however, till the reign of Henry I., who in 931 finally established the authority of the counts whom he had appointed to guard the Saxon borders. These were the margraves of Lower Saxony, called also from their patrimony margraves of Stade. On the extinction of the line of Stade, Lotharius gave the North Mark and the Salzwedel Mark to Albert the Bear (see that name), who was the first to assume the title of margrave of Brandenburg. His successors increased their patrimony by the addition of the New Mark, Lower Lusatia, and other districts; but their line terminating in the Margrave Henry, who died in 1320, Brandenburg passed, as a lapsed fief of the empire, into the hands of Lewis of Bavaria, who confirmed it on his eldest son, Lewis. Lewis was succeeded by his brother Otho, who in 1373 was superseded, in what had then become the electorate of Brandenburg, by Wenzel, eldest son of Charles IV. From Sigismund, Wenzel's successor, the electoral Mark passed to his cousins, Jobst and Procopius, princes of Moravia, and in 1417 to Frederic, margrave of Nurnberg. This illustrious prince was succeeded in 1440 by Frederic II., who redeemed from the hands of the Teutonic knights the New Mark, which they had held in pawn for sums advanced to Sigismund, and otherwise greatly extended the electoral territory. He was succeeded in 1471 by his brother, Albert Achilles (see that name), who resigned the electoral dignity in 1486 to his son, John Cicero. Joachim I., the persecutor of the Jews, son of John Cicero, succeeded in 1499, and was followed by that patron of learning and the reformed religion, Joachim II., who became lord-paramount over the duchy of Prussia. In 1571 John George, who inherited the New Mark and the principality of Crossen from his uncle, succeeded to the electoral dignity. His son, Joachim Frederic, succeeded in 1598, and reigned till 1608, when, together with the electoral possessions, there fell to his son, John Sigismund, the domains of Juliers, Cleves, and Berg, and the duchy of Prussia. His son, George William, who succeeded in 1619, bequeathed his immense patrimony to his son, the "great elector," Frederic-William. (See Frederic-William of Prussia.) The son of this illustrious prince became king of Prussia under the title of Frederic I. in 1701.—J. S., G.
BRANDES, Johann Christian, a German actor and dramatic writer, was born at Stettin in 1735, and died in 1799. He led an adventurous life as apprentice, shopkeeper, quack, servingman, secretary, actor, and manager. His dramas were for a long time highly popular. He published an interesting autobiography.
BRANDI, Giacinto, a scholar of Lanfranco, born at Poli, near Rome, in 1623. He also studied under Sementi of Bologna. He acquired much reputation in the churches and palaces of Rome; but getting fond of pleasure, extravagant, and needy, he painted too fast and roughly, and lost both fame and credit. Brandi died in 1691. He was head of the St. Luke academy, and knight of the order of Christ.—W. T.
* BRANDIS, Christian August, a German philosopher, son of Joachim Dietrich, born in 1790, author of commentaries on Aristotle; "Rheinisches Museum für Philologie," &c.; and "Handbuch der Geschichte der griechisch-rœmischen Philosophie."
BRANDIS, Joachim Dietrich, conference-raad, and physician to the king of Denmark, was born in 1762. He received his doctor's degree at Kiel, where afterwards, in 1786, he became professor of medicine, and whence he was summoned to Copenhagen as royal physician. As a practical physician he attained to the highest celebrity in Denmark.—M. H.
BRANDMULLER, Gregory, a Swiss artist, born at Basle in 1661. His father's collection of prints led him to art, and he studied under Caspar Meyer. At seventeen he went to Le Brun, at Paris, and worked with him at Versailles. The hardy Swiss carried off the Royal Academy prize, and was at last driven home by the envy of his fellow-students. On his return to Switzerland, Brandmuller was invited to the courts of Wirtemberg and Baden Dourlach. His best work is a "Descent from the Cross," at the Capuchin church in the latter place. He excelled in history and portraits, the latter always like, and enriched with analogous and historical attributes. He had nobility of feeling, spirit, and fire for an eclectic. His designs and expression are true and animated; his sentiment grand and elevated. He laid on his colours pure, and did not torture or blend them. He would have been a great painter, but death stepped in just as he was thirty, broke his palette, and pushed him into the grave he had not observed at the foot of his easel.—W. T.
BRANDOLINI, Aurelio, one of the best orators and poets of the fifteenth century, and an eminent theologian, philosopher, and musician. Mathias Corvinus, king of Hungary, induced him to accept the professorship of oratory in the university of Buda. The suavity of his manners and his profound erudition won for him the affection of both the king and queen, who consulted him in all important matters, and bestowed on him riches and honours. His celebrated works, "De humanæ vitæ conditione, et toleranda corporis ægritudine," and "De comparatione reipublicæ et regni," were dedicated to that sovereign, on whose
