was closed. For, as early as the year 1719, he published at Jena a tract entitled "Tentamen Introductionis in Historiam Doctrinæ de Ideis;" four years after he published at Augsburg his mature work on the same subject, his "History of the Doctrine of Ideas," which is still a valuable book of reference. Having attracted the attention of the learned, and acquired considerable fame, by these and other literary labours, he was in 1731 elected a member of the Academy of Sciences at Berlin. Having been early distinguished, however, not only as a scholar, but as a preacher, and his reputation as a student and divine having reached his native city, he was called to its chief protestant church, St. Ulric's, of which he soon became the senior pastor, holding the office till his death in 1770. His great work, "Historia Critica Philosophiæ," was first published in four vols. 4to, and afterwards, with great additions and improvements, in six vols. 4to, in 1767. By this learned and comprehensive work, Brucker justly ranks as the father of the history of philosophy. Before his day nothing had been done to any purpose in this direction. The science of history in general is comparatively a recent one, and that of philosophy one of its newest branches. No such thing as a history of philosophy was known in antiquity. Brucker's work embraces the whole range of philosophy, modern as well as ancient, and is a minute history of philosophic systems and opinions, as well as a biography of the thinkers who held and taught them. In both respects, but especially in the latter, it is entitled to considerable praise. Brucker was a sound scholar, an indefatigable reader, a most laborious and conscientious workman; in everything requiring simply scholarship and research, he is a trustworthy guide. The biographical part of his work is thus peculiarly valuable. He arranges his materials geographically and chronologically, but not scientifically; showing clearly enough how one system arose after another, but not sufficiently illustrating the connection of their root ideas, or pointing out how the one was the natural development of the other. To write the history of philosophy efficiently, a man must be himself a philosopher, a thinker of the first order, able to appreciate and interpret the whole progress of philosophic thought in every phase of its development. But Brucker was hardly, in any true sense, a philosopher at all. He was a scholar, gifted with a diligent inquiring mind, a sound orderly brain; but he had no faculty for higher speculation, and little sympathy with its results. Nevertheless, his work is not simply a compilation. The expositions are his own, and his criticisms, if generally of a rather heavy mechanical kind, and sometimes altogether erroneous, are always independent, and often just. With all its faults, the critical history remains as a standard work, and subsequent historians of philosophy have been largely indebted to its learned author. A useful English abridgment of Brucker's work was published by Doctor Enfield in 1791. The original edition was in two vols. 4to, but it has since been republished in a single octavo volume.—T. S. B.
BRUCKMANN, Franz Ernst, a German physician and naturalist, was born at Marienthal, near Helmstaëdt, in 1697, and died at Wolfenbuttel in 1753. He practised medicine, but at the same time devoted his attention to natural science. He made large collections both of plants and minerals, and published numerous works, among which are the following—"A Treatise on Subterranean Fungi;" "A Treatise on Asbestus, and on various other Minerals;" and "Bibliotheca Animalis."—J. H. B.
BRUDENELL, Sir Robert, an eminent lawyer, descendant of William de Bredenkell or Brudenell, who held large landed property in Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire; was constituted one of the judges of the king's bench in the twenty-second year of Henry VII.; in 1509 he was removed to the common pleas, of which court he was made lord chief-justice in 1520. He died about the year 1535, leaving behind him a reputation inferior to none of his time for ability, learning, and integrity. He was the ancestor of the Brudenells, earls of Cardigan, the fourth of which line was raised by George II. to the dukedom of Montagu.—E. W.
BRUEYS D'AIGALLIERS, François-Paul, a distinguished French admiral, born at Uzés in 1758, was descended from a noble family long settled in Languedoc. He entered the navy at the age of thirteen. In 1780 he was appointed a lieutenant, and took part under count de Grasse in five general engagements against the English. In 1796 he was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral, and six sail of the line and three frigates were placed under his orders. With this force he took possession of the Ionian isles, and discharged the duties intrusted to him greatly to the satisfaction of General Bonaparte. In 1798 he was nominated vice-admiral, and was appointed to the command of the Toulon fleet which conveyed to Egypt the powerful army destined for the invasion of that country, 19th May, 1798. After landing the troops. Admiral Brueys anchored his fleet in Aboukir bay, and in accordance with the advice of a council of war, consisting of all the flag officers and captains of his fleet, resolved to remain at anchor in the event of being attacked. On the 1st of August the English fleet under Nelson came in sight, and immediately prepared for battle. (For an account of the fight, see Nelson.) Through the masterly tactics of the British admiral the French ships were placed between two fires, and were overpowered and beaten in detail. They made a vigorous defence, but in the end most of them were disabled, and compelled to surrender. Admiral Brueys, who had hoisted his flag in the Orient of 120 guns, was killed by a cannon shot. He refused to be carried below, saying—"A French admiral should die on his quarter-deck." The Orient caught fire just as he was killed, and soon after blew up with most of her crew.—J. T.
BRUGMAN or BRUGMANS, John, a celebrated Flemish preacher of the Franciscan order of monks, flourished in the fifteenth century. Such was his reputation with the masses of the people, whom he delighted as well as instructed, by a style of eloquence which abounded in the aptest and often the most humorous illustrations, that "to speak like Brugman," "Brugman runs after souls and I after money," and other such compliments to the powers and enthusiasm of the preacher, were by-words among his countrymen. He was professor of theology at St. Omer, and afterwards provincial of his order.—J. S., G.
BRUGMANS, Sébald Justin, a Dutch naturalist, was born at Franeker in 1763, and died at Leyden, 22d July, 1819. He studied at Groningen and Leyden, and at the age of eighteen became doctor of philosophy. He devoted himself assiduously to natural history, and more particularly to physiological botany. In 1786 he became professor of botany at Leyden. Subsequently he superintended the publication of the Dutch pharmacopœia, and became general sanitary commissioner for Holland. He wrote upon the use of the knowledge of indigenous plants, on the growth of trees, and on the mode of destroying useless and poisonous plants in meadows.—J. H. B.
BRULOFF, Charles, the greatest Russian painter, born at St. Petersburg in 1800. Bruloff studied his art in Rome, and acquired a European celebrity by his famous picture, "The Last Day of Pompeii," the subject taken from the description given by Pliny. The emperor of Russia named him court painter, and president of the Academy of St. Petersburg. He was also elected member of the academies of Bologna and Milan. He is considered greatest in colour and composition; in design he is occasionally incorrect. He died on the 22d June, 1852, at Maresano near Rome, and a monument was erected in his honour by the Russian sculptor Chschouzipoff.—M. Q.
BRUMOY, Pierre, a jesuit, born at Rouen in 1688. He was the teacher of the prince of Talmont. His publications are very numerous, and show how deeply his mind was imbued with the love of classical literature, over the decline of which he mourned in his "Thoughts on the decline of Latin Poetry." It was to spread a taste for Greek tragedy, the superiority of which was with him a dogma, that he published his translations of Æschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. In some instances, indeed, he contented himself with a close analysis and spirited outline, accompanied by observations of emphatic admiration. After various miscellaneous publications he was engaged on a history of the Anglican church, the twelfth and last volume of which he had nearly completed when he died, April, 1762.—J. F. C.
BRUN, Gabriel le, a brother of the great Le Brun, the French eclectic, born at Paris about 1625. He was a poor painter and an indifferent engraver. He engraved several of his greater brother's designs, and an allegory on the peace of that wily Italian, Mazarin.—F. Brun, was a neat French engraver, of probably the same family.—Madame Vigee le Brun, a lady of some talent, and member of the Academy of Painting. She died in 1842.—W. T.
BRUN, Johan Nordahl, a Norwegian poet, and bishop of Bergen, was born in 1744, near Drontheim, of peasant parents. He was induced to study, entirely against his will, by an elder
