and most harmonious of living languages—will find a neverfailing source of wonder and delight in the ever brilliant pages of this great poet—a poet who seems to have been as much loved for the amiability of his character, as he was admired for the splendour of his genius.
To those who are not acquainted with the works of this great writer, the following list of editions and translations, as well in German as in English, may be of use:—
In Spanish.—"Las Comedias de Calderon," per Keil, Leipsique, 1827-30, 4 vols. imp. oct. "Comedias de Calderon," edited by Hartzenbusch, 4 vols. imp. oct., Madrid, 1848-50.
In German.—There are numerous German translations of the plays, and all generally very good. Those by Schlegel, Gries, Malsburg, Schumacher, Schmidt, Martin, and others, are excellent. Of the autos, but one has been published, that by Eichendorff; it gives ten of them, and is admirably executed.
In English.—Until very recently, Calderon served only as material for articles few and far between in the magazines and reviews. The first, and still the only complete translation of any of his plays that has appeared in English, is. Dramas from the Spanish of Calderon, by Denis Florence M'Carthy, 2 vols., London, 1853, giving unabridged translations of the following plays—"The Purgatory of St. Patrick;" "The Constant Prince;" "The Physician of his own Honour;" "The Scarf and the Flower;" "The Secret in Words;" "Love after Death." Two additional dramas—"The Devotion of the Cross," and "Love the Greatest Enchantment;" and one auto, "The Sorceries of Sin"—all strictly in the metre of the original—are announced for publication by the same translator. Six Dramas of Calderon—freely translated by Edward Fitzgerald, London, 1853—is very much admired for its idiomatic English. In 1856 a very charming little volume on Calderon was published by Richard Chenevix Trench, dean of Westminster. It contains translations of the principal scenes of "Life's a Dream," and the greater portion of one of the autos—"The Great Theatre of the World." The translations are remarkable for being the first attempt in English, as far as Calderon is concerned, to reproduce the peculiar assonant versification of the original.—D. F. M'C.
* CALDERON, Serafin E. de, a Spanish poet and novelist, born at Malaga in 1801. He studied law in the university of Grenada, and in 1822 was appointed to the chair of rhetoric and belles-lettres. He published about this time some verses which evince a mastery of language seldom equalled. Being unsuccessful at the bar, he returned to Malaga, where he published in 1830 some poems entitled "El Solitario" (The Recluse). Soon after appeared some letters on Andalusian customs—"Escenas Andaluzas por el Solitario," Madrid—which have been much celebrated for their truth and piquancy. In 1833, by desire of the government, he wrote a series of memoirs on the principles of government. In 1834 he was appointed auditor-general of the army in the north, and in 1836, civil governor of Logrono. In the latter year he returned to Madrid, and published a novel entitled "Cristianos y Moriscos" (The Moors and the Christians), and began the labour of collecting the old cancioneros and romanceros. In 1837 he obtained the important post of civil governor of Seville, and in that city he commenced the accumulation of one of the noblest libraries and museums in Spain. The political events of 1838 compelled him to retire into private life. His attention has of late years been given to the study of Moorish literature.—F. M. W.
CALDERWOOD, David, an eminent divine and historian of the church of Scotland, was born about 1575, and was settled about 1604 as minister of Crailing in the county of Roxburgh. He early showed himself a zealous defender of presbytery against the innovations of episcopacy. In 1617 James VI. came to Scotland and summoned a parliament, into which a bill was introduced to empower the king to arrange matters affecting the external polity of the church. A meeting of the clergy was being held simultaneously with the meeting of parliament, and Calderwood, with some other ministers, drew up a strong protest against the obnoxious measure, which had the effect of making the king lay it aside, even after it had received the assent of parliament, out which, nevertheless, involved the protesters in trouble. Calderwood was summoned to appear before the high commission court at St. Andrews, where the king attended. Adhering to the terms of the protest, and refusing to promise more than passive obedience to the measure, he was imprisoned, and only released on condition that he should leave the kingdom. He went to Holland, where he remained from 1619 till James' death in 1625. During his exile he prepared and published a treatise entitled "Altare Damascenum," in which he examines the principles of episcopacy, and denounces the attempt to obtrude it on the Scottish church. This book attracted great attention, and was the cause of much uneasiness to his royal opponent, who, it is said, instigated a certain Patrick Scott to publish a document purporting to be a recantation, from the pen of Mr. Calderwood, of all the opinions for which he had contended. This impudent forgery following a report of the death of Calderwood, had some success, which his reappearance in Scotland instantly checked. For several years after his return Mr. Calderwood lived in retirement at Edinburgh, and was occupied in collecting materials for his most important work—the history of the Scottish church, from the death of James V. to the death of James VI. This work has been published by the Wodrow Society from the original manuscript (six large folio volumes) in the library of Glasgow university. It has been of great service to Wodrow, M'Crie, and other writers on that period of Scottish ecclesiastical history. On the breaking out of the troubles in 1638, Mr. Calderwood again took part in various public measures. He was present at the Glasgow assembly, and though not a member of court, was of great service in promoting its designs. He afterwards became minister of Pencaitland in East Lothian, and in 1643 was one of the committee for drawing up the directory for public worship. He died at Jedburgh in 1651, when Cromwell's army occupied the Lothians.—J. B.
CALDWELL, Charles, an American physician, and a voluminous writer upon medical science and miscellaneous topics, was born in Orange county. North Carolina, in 1772. The means of education in that region were then very small, and in great part he educated himself. He afterwards studied medicine at Philadelphia. In 1795 he began his career as an author, by translating from the Latin, Blumenbach's Elements of Physiology. Ardent and impulsive in temperament, fond of novelties in science and practice, and wielding a facile pen, his publications soon became very numerous; and being chiefly of a controversial nature, engaged him in frequent disputes that obstructed his usefulness, but never slackened his industry or abated his self-esteem. In 1819 he removed to Kentucky, and became professor of the institutes of medicine in the medical department of the Transylvania university at Lexington. After eighteen years' zealous and useful labour in this university, circumstances led him to withdraw from it and attempt to found another medical school at Louisville. Twelve years more of his very active life were spent upon this project, and then, in 1849, he retired and devoted himself to writing his autobiography, which was published two years after his death. He died at Louisville in 1853. A catalogue of his publications embraces more than two hundred articles; many of them relate to physical education, the unity of the human race, the theory of animal heat, malaria, and especially phrenology, to which doctrine, in the latter part of his life, he was a decided and zealous convert.—F. B.
CALDWELL, Joseph, D.D., first president of the university of North Carolina, born at Leamington, New Jersey, in 1773, graduated at Princeton college, with high honours, in 1791, and subsequently became a tutor in that institution. In 1796 he was appointed professor of mathematics, and acting head of the university of North Carolina, which had been established only six years before. With this institution he was connected for the remainder of his life—the arrangement of its internal concerns and its course of instruction, and the enlargement of its means of usefulness, being due in great part to his exertions. He was elected its president in 1804, and held that office, with a brief interval, till his death in 1835. In 1824 he visited Europe, in order to procure a philosophical apparatus, and select books for the library. Though he wrote much in the journals of the day to promote the cause of popular education and internal improvement in North Carolina, his only separate publication was a treatise on geometry, which he prepared for use in the university.—F. B.
CALEB, an Israelite of the tribe of Judah, who along with Joshua protested against the evil reports which the other spies, whom Moses sent into Canaan, brought of the land. He was, therefore, preserved through the years of wandering in the wilderness, and had an inheritance given him at Kirjath-arba.
CALED. See Khaled.
