following classes—those taken from Ossian, the amatory, the descriptive, the moral, and the characteristic; of these, the last, comprising "The Red Cross Knight," and "When Arthur first," though least esteemed by genuine glee-lovers, are the most popular, the most spontaneous, and the most indicative of genius. The glee, for half a century the only type of an English school of music, gives place now to a higher order of composition; but the institutions founded for its cultivation continue to preserve it, and in all these Dr. Callcott's productions form the standard of excellence.—G. A. M.
CALLEJA or CALLEJAS, Don Felix del Rey, Count de Calderon, a Spanish general, born in 1750; died about 1820. From 1810 till 1817 he served in the insurrectionary wars of the Spanish Transatlantic settlements, particularly distinguishing himself by the dispersion of the army under Hidalgo. His fame was stained by numerous acts of horrid cruelty. In 1815 he superseded Venegas in the viceroyalty of Mexico, but was dismissed from that post in 1819, when he returned to Spain.
CALLENBERG, Gerardt, a Dutch admiral, born at Willemstadt in 1642. Callenberg distinguished himself on that fatal day on which Ruyter was mortally wounded. He commanded the Dutch fleet that assisted the English in the capture of Gibraltar; and died a simple burgomaster in 1722.
CALLENBERG, John Henry, a learned German orientalist and promoter of Jewish and Mohammedan missions, was born in the duchy of Gotha in 1694, and studied at Halle, where in 1727, 1735, and 1739, he became successively extraordinary and ordinary professor of philosophy, and ordinary professor of theology, in which last office he continued till his death in 1760. The Collegium Orientale Theologicum, instituted by O. H. Michaelis in Halle in 1702, of which Callenberg became a member, had great influence in determining his life-long studies and pursuits. His lectures in the theological chair had chiefly reference to the Hebrew language and to subjects connected with Judaism and Jewish antiquities. His published writings were of no great importance; the principal work of his life was the Callenberg Institute of Halle, which he commenced in 1728, and which continued in existence for thirty years after his death, till it was at length, in 1791, merged in the larger and more important Institute of Francke in the same city. The principal object of this institution was the conversion of the Jews, for which purpose missionaries were trained and sent forth to almost all the countries of Europe, and even to the East, and a printing-press was maintained for the preparation of works specially adapted to influence the Jewish mind.—P. L.
CALLENDER, James Thompson, a native of Scotland, who gained some notoriety in America, whither his radical politics compelled him to emigrate about 1795. He had published, before leaving England, "The Political Progress of Britain, or an Impartial View of Abuses in the Government," and "The Political Register." His "Sketches of the History of America" appeared in 1798. For a political pamphlet, entitled "The Prospect before us," containing an assault upon the Washington and Adams administrations, he was tried and convicted under the sedition law; but the ready pardon of Mr. Jefferson, whose stipendiary he was, made the judgment of no effect. Mr. Jefferson attempts in his Correspondence to explain the circumstances of this connection. Callender was drowned in the James river, near Richmond, in 1803. He was the "obscure scribbler who," says Boswell (1782), "collected and published 'The Deformities of Johnson' in spiteful reply to 'The Beauties of the Doctor,'" then a recent book.—F. B.
CALLENDER, Rev. John, an eminent baptist clergyman of America, born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1706, became pastor of a congregation at Newport, R. I. He is best known as the author of a centenary sermon on the purchase of Rhode Island by emigrants from Massachusetts in 1638, published in 1739. He died in 1748.—F. B.
CALLIAS and HIPPONICUS, a noble and wealthy Athenian family, hereditary torch-bearers at the Eleusinian mysteries. The names seem to have been borne by alternate heads of the family. One, named Callias, fought at the battle of Marathon, was afterwards ambassador from Athens to Artaxerxes, and negotiated a peace with Persia, b.c. 449. His son, named Hipponicus, commanded at the battle of Delium in 424, where he was killed. He had a son named Callias, who squandered all the ancestral wealth. The scene of Xenophon's Banquet and Plato's Protagoras is laid at his house.—J. B.
CALLIAS. Of those bearing this name, but unconnected with the family preceding, we notice—Callias, who married Elpinice, sister of Cimon, son of the great Miltiades. He released Cimon from prison by paying a fine of fifty talents that had been imposed on his father.—Callias, tyrant of Chalcis, in Eubœa, defeated b.c. 350, by the Athenians, with whom he afterwards formed an alliance.—Callias, a comedian, flourished b.c. 412.—Callias of Syracuse wrote a history of Sicily in twenty-two books, embracing the reign of Agathocles with whom he was contemporary.—J. B.
CALLICRATES, a Greek general, born at Leontium in Achaia; died at Rhodes in the year b.c. 149. Intrusted with various public embassies, and appointed general of the Achaian league, he took every opportunity, during a period of thirty years, of betraying the interests of his country to the Romans. His death was declared by Pausanias to be a fortunate event for all Greece.—G. M.
CALLICRATES, the architect who, with Ictinus, was employed by Pericles to construct the Parthenon at Athens.
CALLICRATIDAS, a Spartan general, died in the year b.c. 406. He was sent to Ephesus to supersede Lysander in the command of the fleet. He seized Delphinium in the isle of Chios, ravaged Teos, and took possession of Methymne. He was defeated and slain in a naval engagement with the Athenians near the Arginusæ.—G. M.
CALLIÈRES, François de, a French statesman and writer, born in 1645. He was employed in several embassies by Louis XIV., and died in 1717. He wrote some poetical pieces. His chief work, "De la manière de négocier avec les Souverains," 1716, has been translated into English, Italian, and German.
CALLIERGUS, CALLIERGI, or CALLOERGI, Zacharias, a Greek philologist, born in Crete about the end of the fifth century. He studied at Venice, and afterwards conducted the printing establishment of Agostino Chigi at Rome. His editions of the Greek authors excelled all preceding ones in correctness and in beauty of type.
CALLIMACHUS, born at Cyrene in Lybia. The date of his birth has not been ascertained. His death is stated to have occurred about 270 years before our era. Apollonius Rhodius was a pupil of his, but it would appear that master and pupil had but little love for each other. The name of a poem against Apollonius, by Callimachus, is preserved—the poem itself has perished. The names of several narrative and lyric poems, of satires and of tragedies, by Callimachus, are preserved; but his hymns and some epigrams have alone survived to our times. Callimachus was imitated by Propertius, who said that his great ambition was to be called the Roman Callimachus; and Catullus translated one of his poems. Quinctilian preferred him to any other of the Greek elegiac poets. The hymns of Callimachus have been frequently published. They are interesting to students of Greek mythology, and have been often well edited. The Italian translation by Salvini is spoken of with high praise. The phrase, "A great book is a great evil," is said to have originated with Callimachus.—J. A., D.
CALLIMACHUS, a Greek sculptor, who flourished probably about 400 b.c. Vitruvius speaks of him as the inventor of the Corinthian capital. He is said to have spoiled his works by excessive finish, whence he was named κακιζοτεχνος or "calumniator sui," as Pliny interprets the epithet.
CALLIMACHUS, an Athenian who lived about 490 b.c. He held the office of polemarch at the time of the battle of Marathon, where he fell, while commanding the right wing of the Athenians. His body was found in an erect posture, supported by arrows.
CALLIMACHUS-EXPERIENS, Filippo, born at Florence. The date of his birth is uncertain; he died at Cracow in 1496. He was of the family of Buonacorsi, but adopted the name of Callimachus at a period when it became fashionable with the Italian literati to assume classical designations. The academy to which he belonged found favour with Pius II., but was distrusted in the next pontificate, when its members were thought no better than conspirators, and had to fly for life. Callimachus escaped to Poland, where he found employment in educating the children of Casimir III. He was afterwards secretary to that monarch, and continued to hold the same office under his successor and till his own death. He was sent on several embassies, the object of which was to avert some meditated incursions of the Turks. While absent on one of those occasions
