and some other writings in that language, which had the important effect of giving him the first direction to those biblical studies which afterwards made him so extensively useful and so widely renowned. He got his first lessons in the reading and exegesis of the Old Testament from Faber, the protestant pastor of Munster. In 1698 he was appointed to the charge of instructing the young religieux of the abbey of Moyen Moutier in philosophy and theology. In 1704 he was made sub-prior of the abbey of Munster, and was put at the head of an academy of ten monks, who occupied themselves with the study of biblical literature. In both these positions he wrote copiously on subjects of sacred learning, in the form of commentaries and dissertations; but, unable to determine whether his writings were of sufficient importance to deserve publication, he went to Paris in 1706, to submit them to the judgment of Mabillon and other scholars, by whom he was encouraged to bring out his commentaries in French, which accordingly appeared in 23 vols., 4to, in 1707-16, and extended to all the books of the Old and New Testament. In 1715 he was made prior of Lay, near Nancy; in 1718 abbé of St. Leopold in Nancy; and in 1719 he was raised to the dignity of a visitor of the congregation of St. Vannes, to which he belonged. His last promotion was to the abbey of Senones in Lorraine in 1728, where he continued to reside and to prosecute his learned labours till his death, having declined the dignity of bishop, in order that he might retain leisure for his favourite pursuits. His writings and publications were exceedingly numerous, not only in biblical literature, but also in history, topography, genealogy, biography, and antiquities. The works by which he is best known are "Dictionnaire Historique et Critique de la Bible," Paris, 1730, 4 vols. folio, which has been translated into English, German, Italian, and Dutch; the English translation appeared in 1732, in 3 vols. folio, and a second edition of it in 1793, in 4to, with additions from more recent sources; "Dissertations, qui peuvent servir de Prolégomènes a l'Ecriture Sainte," Paris, 2d edition, 1720; and augmented in the 3d edition, which bore the new title, "Trésor d'Antiquités Sacrés et Profanes," Paris, 1722, 3 vols. 4to. This work, which is in part a reproduction of the dissertations which the author had inserted in his commentaries, has been translated into English, Latin, Dutch, and German. The German edition is enriched with a preface and notes by Mosheim. The English edition was brought out by Samuel Parker at Oxford in 1726. As a biblical scholar, Calmet was more distinguished for erudition than for critical acumen, and he was deficient in the departments of rabbinical learning and oriental philology. But the two works named above have always been highly esteemed, not only in his own church, but also by protestant theologians.—P. L.
CALMO, Andrea, a Venetian dramatist, born in 1510, was the son of a gondolier. His five comedies—"Il Travaglio;" "La Pozione;" "La Spugnola;" "La Saltuzza," and "La Fiorina," particularly the last, had a success on the stage unequalled in the sixteenth century. This they owed to a humorous interweaving of various dialects, to considerable ingenuity of plot, and utter absence of decency. Calmo wrote eclogues and complimentary epistles, which were also successful. He died in 1571.—A. C. M.
CALO-JOHN, a Bulgarian chief of the thirteenth century, who adhered to the see of Rome, and received the title of king from Innocent III. He made war with Baldwin I., emperor of Constantinople, whom he subdued and imprisoned, and, it is supposed, put to death.—(See Baldwin.) Leading on the Greeks and Corsicans who followed his standard, he carried on a devastating war till, while besieging Thessalonica in 1207, he was assassinated by one of his own officers.—J. B.
CALOGERA, Angelo, born at Padua of a noble family of Greek origin in 1699. On the completion of his studies he entered the order of St. Benedict in the convent of St. Michael, an island between Venice and Murano. In this solitude, attracted to the study of literature, he soon became deeply versed both in ancient and modern classics. The want of a registry of the proceedings of literary and scientific associations was strongly felt all through Italy, and Calogera undertook the difficult task, publishing, with the help of Muratori and others, no fewer than fifty-one volumes. To this collection or registry of historical facts, and to Calogera's "Opusculi per servire alla Storia d'ltalia," Balbo, Cantú, and many other of the historians of Italy, have been much indebted Calogera also translated Telemachus, and wrote many valuable biographies. His voluminous correspondence with the literati of his time is an inexhaustible source of useful information. He was official revisor of all publications in the Venetian territory from 1730 till his death in 1768.—A. C. M.
CALOMARDE, Francisco Tadeo, a well-known Spanish statesman, was born at Villel in Arragon in 1775. He was for several years the most influential minister of Ferdinand VII., and made it his great aim to re-establish absolutism in Spain. His parents were poor, and he was originally bred to the bar; but by his marriage to the daughter of Beltran, physician to Godoy, then the reigning favourite, he obtained an office at court, and exchanged the practice of law for politics. He subsequently became first secretary to Lardizabal, who, on the restoration of Ferdinand, was appointed minister of the Indies. On the death of the marquis of Casa Irujo in 1824, Calomarde was appointed minister of justice. He discharged the duties of his office with great severity, and it was under his administration (31st July, 1826) that a schoolmaster named Antonio Ripoll was burnt at Valencia for heresy—the only auto-da-fe that has taken place in Spain for the last thirty years. As the leader of the absolutist party, Calomarde lent himself to all the pernicious schemes of the apostolic junto, and, next to Ferdinand, he was mainly responsible for the many despotic and unjust measures of the Spanish court from 1824 to 1832. When Ferdinand was on his deathbed in September, 1833, he was induced, by the advice of Calomarde, secretly to revoke the deed by which he had set aside the claims of his brother, Don Carlos, to the crown, in favour of his daughter, and to add a codicil to his will restoring the male line of succession. But this step having become known through the indiscretion of the minister himself, the document was destroyed by the queen's sister in his presence, and he was compelled to provide for his safety by fleeing with the utmost haste into France, where he spent the remainder of his life in retirement and dejection, and died at Toulouse, 21st June, 1842.—J. T.
CALONIUS, Matthias, a Finlandic jurist, born at Sari järvi in the parish of Tavastland in Finland, 27th January, 1738. In the year 1771 he became secretary to the academy of Abo, and in 1778 professor of jurisprudence there. From 1793 to 1800 he was member of the supreme tribunal at Stockholm, and also of the committee who sat to frame a code of forest laws. After the conquest of Finland by Russia, Calonius sat in the Finlandic senate as statsraad procurator, which office he resigned in 1816, and on the 13th of September in the following year he died. Calonius is universally acknowledged to have possessed the most profound knowledge of jurisprudence of any Swedish lawyer of modern times; and whether as member of the Swedish supreme court, by his writings, or as member of the legal committees, he exercised an equally powerful and beneficial influence on the study of the law and the practice of justice in that country. His collected works, published at Stockholm by A. J. Arvidsson, 1829, consist in part of treatises and programmes, and in part decisions of the supreme tribunal, &c. As a proof of the uprightness of Calonius and his steadfast adherence to principle, it may be mentioned, that when every other corporation in Finland took the oath of allegiance to the Russian government, the consistorium of the academy of Abo, headed by him, dared to refuse obedience to its demands until Sweden had, by the treaty of peace, resigned all claim to the province.—M. H.
CALONNE, Charles Alexander de, was born at Douai, January 20th, 1734, his father being president of the parliament in that place. Having studied at Paris for the bar, he became advocate-general of the provincial council of Artois, and afterwards entered the parliament of Douai as procureur-general. He gained some celebrity by his reports upon certain disputes with the clergy, and was nominated intendant, first of Metz in 1768, and then of Lille. Having displayed considerable administrative abilities, and also having proved himself possessed of that insinuating gracefulness of speech and manner, together with that readiness of intriguing resource, which can render a man of business as popular in the boudoir as at the bureau, Calonne succeeded d'Ormesson as minister of finance, October 3, 1783. Nothing could be worse than the state of the exchequer when Calonne entered office; but with a boldness which, if not altogether wise, was brilliant and characteristic, he at once proceeded to act as though everything were prosperous. He disdained retrenchment; carried on great works at Cherbourg
